Introduction Alpelisib is an oral targeted anticancer drug that belongs to the class of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitors. It is mainly known as a selective PI3K alpha inhibitor and is used in diseases driven by activating mutations in the PIK3CA gene. In oncology, alpelisib is used in combination with fulvestrant for patients with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, PIK3CA-mutated … Read more
Introduction Rybelsus is the brand name of oral semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is pharmacologically important because it is an orally administered GLP-1 receptor agonist, unlike many other GLP-1 receptor agonists that are given by subcutaneous injection. Rybelsus is used along with diet and … Read more
Introduction Auvelity is a fixed-dose oral combination of dextromethorphan hydrobromide and bupropion hydrochloride. It is used for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults, and its U.S. use has also expanded to agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease in adults. Auvelity is pharmacologically important because it combines two drugs with different but … Read more
Introduction Zeposia is the brand name of ozanimod, an oral immunomodulatory drug used mainly in relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis and moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. It belongs to the class of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators, commonly called S1P receptor modulators. Zeposia is important in pharmacology because it does not act like a conventional anti-inflammatory … Read more
Introduction Fasenra is the brand name of benralizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody used mainly in the management of severe eosinophilic asthma. It belongs to the class of biologic anti-eosinophilic therapies and is especially important in patients whose asthma remains uncontrolled despite standard inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting bronchodilator therapy. Unlike conventional asthma medicines such as beta-2 … Read more
Introduction Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial drug that also possesses significant immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. It is widely used in the treatment of malaria as well as autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis. Hydroxychloroquine acts primarily by interfering with lysosomal activity and antigen presentation in immune cells. It also affects Toll-like … Read more
Introduction Hydrocortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid hormone that is identical to cortisol produced by the adrenal cortex. It exhibits both glucocorticoid and mild mineralocorticoid activity and is widely used for its anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and metabolic effects. Hydrocortisone is used clinically in conditions such as adrenal insufficiency, allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory disorders, and dermatologic … Read more
Introduction Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a thiazide diuretic widely used in the treatment of hypertension, edema, and certain kidney disorders. It acts primarily on the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron to promote sodium and water excretion. By reducing extracellular fluid volume and decreasing peripheral vascular resistance, hydrochlorothiazide effectively lowers blood pressure. Thiazide diuretics are among … Read more
Introduction Haloperidol is a first generation (typical) antipsychotic belonging to the butyrophenone class. It is widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia, acute psychosis, delirium, and severe agitation. Haloperidol primarily works by blocking dopamine receptors in the central nervous system, particularly in the mesolimbic pathway. Because excessive dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway is associated … Read more
Introduction H2 antagonists, also called H2 receptor blockers, are drugs used to reduce gastric acid secretion in conditions such as peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. These drugs block histamine H2 receptors located on gastric parietal cells, thereby inhibiting acid production. Common H2 antagonists include cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine. By … Read more
