Introduction Guaifenesin is an expectorant commonly used in the treatment of productive cough associated with respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis, the common cold, and other respiratory conditions. It works by reducing the viscosity of bronchial secretions, making mucus easier to clear from the airways. Unlike antitussive drugs that suppress cough reflexes, guaifenesin facilitates mucus … Read more
Introduction Griseofulvin is an antifungal antibiotic primarily used to treat dermatophyte infections such as tinea infections of the skin, hair, and nails. It is derived from the mold Penicillium griseofulvum and works by inhibiting fungal cell division. Unlike many antifungal drugs that target the fungal cell membrane, griseofulvin acts on fungal microtubules and mitotic spindle … Read more
Introduction Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN), commonly known as nitroglycerin, is an organic nitrate widely used in the treatment of angina pectoris and acute coronary syndromes. It acts primarily as a vasodilator by releasing nitric oxide (NO), which relaxes vascular smooth muscle. GTN reduces myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing preload and also improves coronary blood flow through … Read more
Introduction Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that regulate metabolism, immune responses, inflammation, and stress adaptation. Endogenous glucocorticoids such as cortisol are produced by the adrenal cortex, while synthetic glucocorticoids like prednisone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone are widely used in clinical medicine. Glucocorticoids exert their effects primarily through intracellular glucocorticoid receptors, altering gene transcription and protein synthesis. Their … Read more
Introduction GLP-1 analogues, also known as GLP-1 receptor agonists, are an important class of antidiabetic drugs used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. These drugs mimic the action of the endogenous incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which is secreted from intestinal L-cells after food intake. GLP-1 analogues enhance glucose dependent insulin … Read more
Introduction Glipizide is a second generation sulfonylurea used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It functions as an insulin secretagogue, lowering blood glucose by stimulating pancreatic beta cells to release insulin. Compared with first generation sulfonylureas, glipizide has greater potency, improved safety, and fewer drug interactions. It is a high yield drug in … Read more
Introduction Glimepiride is a third generation sulfonylurea used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It functions primarily as an insulin secretagogue by stimulating pancreatic beta cells to release insulin. Compared with earlier sulfonylureas, glimepiride is often associated with a lower risk of prolonged hypoglycemia and may exhibit additional extrapancreatic effects that improve insulin … Read more
You must be a Unlock 9 GPAT Mock Tests at ₹ 19 | Ads Free | member to access this content.
Introduction General anesthesia is a reversible drug induced state characterized by unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and immobility with suppression of autonomic responses. It is produced by a combination of intravenous and inhalational anesthetic agents acting on the central nervous system. Unlike a single drug mechanism, general anesthesia represents a coordinated depression of neuronal activity across cortical, … Read more
Introduction Fosfomycin is a broad spectrum bactericidal antibiotic primarily used in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections. It is structurally unrelated to other major antibiotic classes and represents a unique inhibitor of bacterial cell wall synthesis. Because of its distinct mechanism, fosfomycin retains activity against many multidrug resistant organisms, including ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae and … Read more
