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Mechanism of Action

Mechanism of Action of Trodelvy (Sacituzumab Govitecan)

Introduction Trodelvy is the brand name for sacituzumab govitecan, an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) used for the treatment of certain advanced or metastatic cancers, particularly triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer after prior therapies. It combines the targeting capability of a monoclonal antibody with the potent cytotoxic activity of a chemotherapy payload. Sacituzumab … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Otezla (Apremilast)

Mechanism of Action of Otezla

Mechanism of Action of Otezla (Apremilast) Introduction Otezla is the brand name for apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor used for the treatment of plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, oral ulcers associated with Behçet’s disease, and other inflammatory conditions. Unlike biologic therapies that target specific cytokines, apremilast works intracellularly by modulating inflammatory signaling pathways through cyclic … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Nucala (Mepolizumab)

Nucala (Mepolizumab) Mechanism of action

Introduction Nucala is the brand name for mepolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets interleukin-5 (IL-5). It is used for the treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Eosinophils play a major role in eosinophilic inflammatory diseases by releasing inflammatory mediators that damage … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Kerendia (Finerenone)

Mechanism of Action of Kerendia

Introduction Kerendia is the brand name for finerenone, a non-steroidal selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) used to reduce the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and cardiovascular complications in adults with chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Unlike older steroidal MRAs such as spironolactone and eplerenone, finerenone has a unique non-steroidal … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Vitamin K

Mechanism of Action of Vitamin K

Introduction Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for normal blood coagulation and bone metabolism. It acts as a cofactor in the synthesis of several clotting factors and regulatory proteins through a process known as γ-carboxylation. Without adequate vitamin K, the liver cannot produce fully functional coagulation factors, leading to impaired blood clotting and an … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Vincristine

Mechanism of Action of Vincristine

Introduction Vincristine is a vinca alkaloid antineoplastic agent widely used in the treatment of hematological malignancies and certain solid tumors. It is derived from the Madagascar periwinkle plant, Catharanthus roseus, and acts by disrupting microtubule formation during cell division. Vincristine is a cell cycle-specific chemotherapeutic drug that primarily acts during the M phase (mitosis). Because … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Venlafaxine

Mechanism of Action of Venlafaxine

Introduction Venlafaxine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) antidepressant widely used in the treatment of major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. Unlike selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), venlafaxine enhances both serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission, providing broader modulation of mood-regulating pathways. Venlafaxine is often considered a dual-action antidepressant because its … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Vasodilators

Mechanism of Action of Vasodilators Flowchart

Introduction Vasodilators are a diverse group of drugs that produce relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, resulting in widening of blood vessels and improved blood flow. They are commonly used in the management of hypertension, heart failure, angina pectoris, hypertensive emergencies, pulmonary hypertension, and various cardiovascular disorders. The therapeutic effects of vasodilators arise from their ability … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Valproate

Mechanism of action of Valproate

Introduction Valproate (valproic acid, sodium valproate, and divalproex sodium) is a broad-spectrum antiepileptic drug used in epilepsy, bipolar disorder, and migraine prophylaxis. It is effective against multiple seizure types because it acts through several mechanisms, including enhancement of GABAergic neurotransmission, blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels, and inhibition of T-type calcium channels. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Trazodone

Mechanism-of-action-of-trazodone

Introduction Trazodone is an atypical antidepressant classified as a serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI). It is commonly used for major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and insomnia. Unlike SSRIs, trazodone combines serotonin reuptake inhibition with serotonin receptor antagonism, producing antidepressant, anxiolytic, and sedative effects. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) A key exam point is that trazodone … Read more

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