Introduction Fasenra is the brand name of benralizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody used mainly in the management of severe eosinophilic asthma. It belongs to the class of biologic anti-eosinophilic therapies and is especially important in patients whose asthma remains uncontrolled despite standard inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting bronchodilator therapy. Unlike conventional asthma medicines such as beta-2 … Read more
Introduction Kerendia is the brand name for finerenone, a non-steroidal selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) used to reduce the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and cardiovascular complications in adults with chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Unlike older steroidal MRAs such as spironolactone and eplerenone, finerenone has a unique non-steroidal … Read more
Introduction Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for normal blood coagulation and bone metabolism. It acts as a cofactor in the synthesis of several clotting factors and regulatory proteins through a process known as γ-carboxylation. Without adequate vitamin K, the liver cannot produce fully functional coagulation factors, leading to impaired blood clotting and an … Read more
Introduction Venlafaxine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) antidepressant widely used in the treatment of major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. Unlike selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), venlafaxine enhances both serotonergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission, providing broader modulation of mood-regulating pathways. Venlafaxine is often considered a dual-action antidepressant because its … Read more
Introduction Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial drug that also possesses significant immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. It is widely used in the treatment of malaria as well as autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis. Hydroxychloroquine acts primarily by interfering with lysosomal activity and antigen presentation in immune cells. It also affects Toll-like … Read more
Introduction Hydrocortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid hormone that is identical to cortisol produced by the adrenal cortex. It exhibits both glucocorticoid and mild mineralocorticoid activity and is widely used for its anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and metabolic effects. Hydrocortisone is used clinically in conditions such as adrenal insufficiency, allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory disorders, and dermatologic … Read more
Introduction Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a thiazide diuretic widely used in the treatment of hypertension, edema, and certain kidney disorders. It acts primarily on the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron to promote sodium and water excretion. By reducing extracellular fluid volume and decreasing peripheral vascular resistance, hydrochlorothiazide effectively lowers blood pressure. Thiazide diuretics are among … Read more
Introduction Haloperidol is a first generation (typical) antipsychotic belonging to the butyrophenone class. It is widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia, acute psychosis, delirium, and severe agitation. Haloperidol primarily works by blocking dopamine receptors in the central nervous system, particularly in the mesolimbic pathway. Because excessive dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway is associated … Read more
Introduction H2 antagonists, also called H2 receptor blockers, are drugs used to reduce gastric acid secretion in conditions such as peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. These drugs block histamine H2 receptors located on gastric parietal cells, thereby inhibiting acid production. Common H2 antagonists include cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine. By … Read more
Introduction General anesthesia is a reversible drug induced state characterized by unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and immobility with suppression of autonomic responses. It is produced by a combination of intravenous and inhalational anesthetic agents acting on the central nervous system. Unlike a single drug mechanism, general anesthesia represents a coordinated depression of neuronal activity across cortical, … Read more
