pharmacology - Pharmacy Freak

Mechanism of Action of Famotidine

April 10, 2026January 21, 2026 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Famotidine is a histamine H₂-receptor antagonist (H₂ blocker) used in the management of acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. It suppresses gastric acid secretion by selectively blocking histamine-mediated stimulation of parietal cells. Famotidine is clinically and exam-relevant due to its receptor specificity, reduced drug interaction profile compared to cimetidine, and widespread use in peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Etoposide

April 10, 2026January 20, 2026 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Etoposide is a semisynthetic podophyllotoxin derivative widely used as an antineoplastic agent in the treatment of various solid tumors and hematological malignancies. It is a cell cycle–specific drug, acting primarily during the S and G₂ phases. Etoposide is high-yield for pharmacology and oncology examinations due to its unique enzyme target, characteristic DNA damage mechanism, … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Ethosuximide

April 10, 2026January 19, 2026 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Ethosuximide is an antiepileptic drug primarily used in the management of absence (petit mal) seizures. It is considered the drug of choice for absence seizures, making it extremely high-yield for pharmacology and neurology examinations. Ethosuximide acts selectively on thalamic neurons involved in seizure generation and has a relatively narrow but clinically important spectrum of … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Ethambutol

April 10, 2026January 19, 2026 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Ethambutol is a first-line antitubercular drug used as part of combination therapy for the treatment of tuberculosis. It is classified as a bacteriostatic agent and plays a crucial role in preventing the emergence of drug resistance when used with other anti-TB drugs such as isoniazid and rifampicin. Ethambutol is high-yield for examinations because of … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Esomeprazole

April 10, 2026January 17, 2026 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Esomeprazole is a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used extensively in the treatment of acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. It is the S-isomer of omeprazole and offers improved pharmacokinetic consistency and acid suppression compared with the racemic mixture. Esomeprazole is a high-yield drug for pharmacology and clinical examinations due to its irreversible enzyme inhibition, acid-activated mechanism, and … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Escitalopram

April 10, 2026January 16, 2026 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Escitalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) widely prescribed for depressive and anxiety disorders. It is the S-enantiomer of citalopram and represents one of the most selective SSRIs available. Its clinical importance lies in its high efficacy, favorable tolerability, and minimal drug–drug interactions compared with older antidepressants. For medical and pharmacy examinations, escitalopram … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Erythromycin

April 10, 2026January 16, 2026 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic widely used in the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive cocci, atypical pathogens, and certain gram-negative organisms. It is a bacteriostatic agent that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and serves as an important alternative in patients allergic to penicillin. From an exam perspective, erythromycin is high-yield due to its ribosomal … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Eplerenone

April 10, 2026January 14, 2026 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Eplerenone is a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) used primarily in cardiovascular disorders such as heart failure and hypertension. It is a steroidal compound structurally related to spironolactone but with greater receptor selectivity, resulting in fewer endocrine adverse effects. From an exam and clinical standpoint, eplerenone is important due to its role in blocking … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Epinephrine

April 10, 2026January 14, 2026 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Epinephrine (adrenaline) is an endogenous catecholamine and a potent sympathomimetic agent that acts as a non-selective agonist at both α- and β-adrenergic receptors. It plays a critical physiological role in the “fight-or-flight” response and is widely used clinically in emergency medicine, anesthesia, cardiology, and allergy management. From an exam perspective, epinephrine is a high-yield … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Biguanides

April 10, 2026November 20, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Biguanides are a class of oral antihyperglycemic drugs, with metformin being the only widely used agent today. Metformin is the first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus due to its excellent safety profile, weight-neutral effect, and strong efficacy in lowering blood glucose without causing hypoglycemia. Mechanism of Action of Biguanides centers on decreasing hepatic … Read more