Introduction Ibuprofen is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) belonging to the propionic acid class. It is commonly used for its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Ibuprofen is frequently prescribed in conditions such as pain, fever, and inflammatory disorders, making it a staple drug in both clinical and over-the-counter settings. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) … Read more
Introduction Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial drug that also possesses significant immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. It is widely used in the treatment of malaria as well as autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis. Hydroxychloroquine acts primarily by interfering with lysosomal activity and antigen presentation in immune cells. It also affects Toll-like … Read more
Introduction Hydrocortisone is a naturally occurring glucocorticoid hormone that is identical to cortisol produced by the adrenal cortex. It exhibits both glucocorticoid and mild mineralocorticoid activity and is widely used for its anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and metabolic effects. Hydrocortisone is used clinically in conditions such as adrenal insufficiency, allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory disorders, and dermatologic … Read more
Introduction Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a thiazide diuretic widely used in the treatment of hypertension, edema, and certain kidney disorders. It acts primarily on the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron to promote sodium and water excretion. By reducing extracellular fluid volume and decreasing peripheral vascular resistance, hydrochlorothiazide effectively lowers blood pressure. Thiazide diuretics are among … Read more
Introduction Haloperidol is a first generation (typical) antipsychotic belonging to the butyrophenone class. It is widely used in the treatment of schizophrenia, acute psychosis, delirium, and severe agitation. Haloperidol primarily works by blocking dopamine receptors in the central nervous system, particularly in the mesolimbic pathway. Because excessive dopamine activity in the mesolimbic pathway is associated … Read more
Introduction H2 antagonists, also called H2 receptor blockers, are drugs used to reduce gastric acid secretion in conditions such as peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. These drugs block histamine H2 receptors located on gastric parietal cells, thereby inhibiting acid production. Common H2 antagonists include cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine. By … Read more
Introduction Guaifenesin is an expectorant commonly used in the treatment of productive cough associated with respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis, the common cold, and other respiratory conditions. It works by reducing the viscosity of bronchial secretions, making mucus easier to clear from the airways. Unlike antitussive drugs that suppress cough reflexes, guaifenesin facilitates mucus … Read more
Introduction Griseofulvin is an antifungal antibiotic primarily used to treat dermatophyte infections such as tinea infections of the skin, hair, and nails. It is derived from the mold Penicillium griseofulvum and works by inhibiting fungal cell division. Unlike many antifungal drugs that target the fungal cell membrane, griseofulvin acts on fungal microtubules and mitotic spindle … Read more
Introduction Glyceryl Trinitrate (GTN), commonly known as nitroglycerin, is an organic nitrate widely used in the treatment of angina pectoris and acute coronary syndromes. It acts primarily as a vasodilator by releasing nitric oxide (NO), which relaxes vascular smooth muscle. GTN reduces myocardial oxygen demand by decreasing preload and also improves coronary blood flow through … Read more
Introduction Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that regulate metabolism, immune responses, inflammation, and stress adaptation. Endogenous glucocorticoids such as cortisol are produced by the adrenal cortex, while synthetic glucocorticoids like prednisone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone are widely used in clinical medicine. Glucocorticoids exert their effects primarily through intracellular glucocorticoid receptors, altering gene transcription and protein synthesis. Their … Read more
