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Pharmacy Freak

Harsh Singh Rajput

Harsh Singh Rajput is a pharmacist currently working at ESIC and holds an MBA in Pharmaceutical Management from NIPER Hyderabad. He has a strong academic record with top ranks in national-level pharmacy exams, including AIR 61 in NIPER 2024 (MS/M.Pharm), AIR 27 in NIPER MBA, AIR 147 in GPAT 2024, AIR 907 in GPAT 2023, and AIR 6 in AIIMS CRE-2025 for Drug Store Keeper. At PharmacyFreak.com, he contributes expert content, exam strategies, and practical guidance for future pharmacists. Mail- harsh@pharmacyfreak.com

Mechanism of Action of Timolol

Mechanism of Action of Timolol

Introduction Timolol is a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor blocker widely used in glaucoma, ocular hypertension, hypertension, angina pectoris, migraine prophylaxis, and certain cardiac arrhythmias. In ophthalmology, timolol is particularly important because it lowers intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous humor production. Unlike many glaucoma medications, it does not significantly affect pupil size or accommodation. Mechanism of Action … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormones

MOA of Thyroid Hormones

Introduction Thyroid hormones, primarily triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), regulate metabolism, growth, development, and energy utilization throughout the body. T4 is the major hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, while T3 is the more biologically active form. Most circulating T4 is converted to T3 in peripheral tissues. Thyroid hormones exert their effects mainly through nuclear … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Thiazolidinediones (TZDs)

Mechanism of action of Thiazolidinediones

Introduction Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), also known as glitazones, are oral antidiabetic agents used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The main drugs in this class are pioglitazone and rosiglitazone. Unlike sulfonylureas, TZDs do not stimulate insulin secretion. Instead, they improve insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), a nuclear … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Thiazide Diuretics

Mechanism of action of Thiazide Diuretics

Introduction Thiazide diuretics are commonly used antihypertensive and diuretic agents that increase sodium and water excretion by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the nephron. Common thiazide diuretics include hydrochlorothiazide, chlorothiazide, and bendroflumethiazide, while thiazide-like diuretics include chlorthalidone, indapamide, and metolazone. These drugs are widely used in hypertension, edema, heart failure, … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Terbinafine

MOA of Terbinafine

Introduction Terbinafine is an allylamine antifungal agent used for the treatment of dermatophyte infections such as tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris, and onychomycosis. It exerts a fungicidal effect by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell membranes. The drug is particularly effective against dermatophytes and is one of the most commonly prescribed oral antifungal medications … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Theophylline

Mechanism of Action of Theophylline

Introduction Theophylline is a methylxanthine bronchodilator used in the management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, improves diaphragmatic contractility, and exerts mild anti-inflammatory effects. Although its use has declined because of its narrow therapeutic index and potential toxicity, it remains an important drug in respiratory pharmacology. Mechanism of … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Telmisartan

MOA of Telmisartan

Introduction Telmisartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) used primarily for the treatment of hypertension and cardiovascular risk reduction. It lowers blood pressure by selectively blocking the actions of angiotensin II at AT1 receptors. Unlike ACE inhibitors, telmisartan does not interfere with bradykinin metabolism, resulting in a lower incidence of cough and angioedema. Telmisartan … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)

Mechanism of Action of Tricyclic Antidepressants

Introduction Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are a class of antidepressant drugs used in major depressive disorder, neuropathic pain, migraine prophylaxis, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and certain anxiety disorders. Common TCAs include amitriptyline, nortriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, and clomipramine. Their primary action is inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake, leading to increased concentrations of these neurotransmitters in the central nervous … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Tadalafil

MOA of Tadalafil

Introduction Tadalafil is a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor used primarily for erectile dysfunction (ED), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It enhances the effects of nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation by preventing degradation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). Tadalafil is distinguished from other PDE5 inhibitors by its long duration of action, earning it … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Tacrolimus

MOA of Tacrolimus

Introduction Tacrolimus is a potent immunosuppressive agent widely used in organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases. It belongs to the calcineurin inhibitor class and suppresses T-lymphocyte activation by inhibiting interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. Tacrolimus is more potent than cyclosporine and plays a crucial role in preventing graft rejection after organ transplantation. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) A key … Read more

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