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Harsh Singh Rajput is a pharmacist currently working at ESIC and holds an MBA in Pharmaceutical Management from NIPER Hyderabad. He has a strong academic record with top ranks in national-level pharmacy exams, including AIR 61 in NIPER 2024 (MS/M.Pharm), AIR 27 in NIPER MBA, AIR 147 in GPAT 2024, AIR 907 in GPAT 2023, and AIR 6 in AIIMS CRE-2025 for Drug Store Keeper. At PharmacyFreak.com, he contributes expert content, exam strategies, and practical guidance for future pharmacists. Mail- harsh@pharmacyfreak.com

Mechanism of Action of Farxiga (Dapagliflozin)

Mechanism of action Farxiga

Introduction Dapagliflozin (trade name Farxiga) is a sodium–glucose co‑transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor used in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). It lowers blood glucose by promoting renal excretion of glucose and also provides cardiovascular and renal benefits beyond glycemic control. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Semaglutide (Ozempic/Wegovy)

Semaglutide Mechanism of Action

Introduction Semaglutide (Ozempic for diabetes; Wegovy for obesity) is a GLP‑1 receptor agonist used for type 2 diabetes mellitus management and chronic weight loss. It mimics the incretin hormone glucagon‑like peptide‑1 (GLP‑1), leading to improved glycemic control, reduced appetite, delayed gastric emptying, and favorable effects on cardiovascular risk. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Bupropion

Bupropion Mechanism of Action

Introduction Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant primarily used to treat major depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, and as an aid for smoking cessation. Unlike SSRIs, bupropion exerts its effects via modulation of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmission, offering a unique mechanism without significant serotonergic side effects. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Lokelma (Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate)

Lokelma Mechanism of Action

Introduction Lokelma is an oral, non-absorbed potassium binder used to treat hyperkalemia. It works by selectively trapping potassium ions in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby lowering serum potassium levels and promoting potassium excretion via feces. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Clinical Uses Adverse Effects Comparative Analysis Lokelma offers higher selectivity and fewer systemic effects than … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Finerenone (Kerendia)

Finerenone Mechanism of Action

Introduction Finerenone is a nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) approved for reducing the risk of cardiovascular and renal events in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Unlike steroidal MRAs such as spironolactone, finerenone offers greater mineralocorticoid receptor selectivity, minimizing off-target hormonal effects. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Mounjaro (Tirzepatide)

Mounjaro Mechanism of Action

Introduction Tirzepatide, marketed as Mounjaro for type 2 diabetes and Zepbound for obesity, is a dual GIP/GLP‑1 receptor agonist. This innovative “twincretin” enhances insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, delays gastric emptying, and promotes satiety. It offers significant HbA₁c reduction and weight loss advantages over GLP‑1 agonists alone. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Entresto (Sacubitril/Valsartan)

Mechanism of Action

Introduction Entresto is a combination drug containing sacubitril, a neprilysin inhibitor, and valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). It’s primarily used for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The combination enhances natriuretic peptide levels while blocking deleterious effects of angiotensin II, working synergistically to reduce mortality and hospitalizations in heart … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Octreotide

Octreotide Mechanism of Action

Introduction Octreotide is a synthetic somatostatin analog used to treat acromegaly, carcinoid syndrome, VIPoma, and control of panhormonal secretion. It mimics somatostatin, binding to somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), especially SSTR2, to inhibit hormone release and reduce symptoms caused by hormone-secreting tumors. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Administration Subcutaneous/Intramuscular/Long-acting IM Bioavailability ~75–100% for SC … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Adenosine

Adenosine Mechanism of Action

Introduction Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside used intravenously for the acute termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). It acts on specific adenosine receptors in the heart to slow conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node. Its ultra-short action and safety profile make it the treatment of choice for acute narrow-complex tachycardias. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Acetazolamide

Acetazolamide Mechanism of Action

Introduction Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with diuretic, antiglaucoma, anticonvulsant, and altitude sickness applications. It reduces bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidney, lowers intraocular and intracranial pressures, and helps correct metabolic alkalosis. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Bioavailability Well absorbed Time to peak plasma ~1–4 hours Protein Binding ~70–90%derangedphysiology.com+15en.wikipedia.org+15reference.medscape.com+15ccforum.biomedcentral.com+3reference.medscape.com+3derangedphysiology.com+3 Metabolism None (excreted unchanged) … Read more

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