Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team

Harsh Singh Rajput is a pharmacist currently working at ESIC and holds an MBA in Pharmaceutical Management from NIPER Hyderabad. He has a strong academic record with top ranks in national-level pharmacy exams, including AIR 61 in NIPER 2024 (MS/M.Pharm), AIR 27 in NIPER MBA, AIR 147 in GPAT 2024, AIR 907 in GPAT 2023, and AIR 6 in AIIMS CRE-2025 for Drug Store Keeper. At PharmacyFreak.com, he contributes expert content, exam strategies, and practical guidance for future pharmacists. Mail- harsh@pharmacyfreak.com

Mechanism of Action of Tocilizumab

April 10, 2026July 3, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Tocilizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R). It is approved for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), giant cell arteritis (GCA), Castleman disease, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and spondyloarthritis-associated uveitis. By blocking IL-6 signaling, it dampens inflammation in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Amantadine

April 10, 2026July 3, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Amantadine is an antiviral agent and antiparkinsonian medication. Initially used for influenza A, it also treats drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms and Parkinson’s disease. Its mechanism combines viral M2 ion channel inhibition and enhancement of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral (capsule, syrup) Bioavailability ~86% … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Jardiance (Empagliflozin)

April 10, 2026July 3, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Jardiance (empagliflozin) is a sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor used for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). It lowers blood glucose by increasing renal glucose loss and offers cardiovascular and renal benefits. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral (tablet), once … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Apremilast (Otezla)

April 10, 2026July 3, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Apremilast (Otezla) is an oral phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor approved for psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and Behçet’s disease‑associated oral ulcers. By modulating intracellular signaling, it reduces inflammation and disease symptoms through balanced cytokine regulation. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral (delayed-release tablet) Bioavailability ~73% Time to Peak (Tmax) ~2–4 hours Protein Binding … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Eculizumab (Soliris)

April 10, 2026July 3, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Eculizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to complement protein C5, inhibiting its cleavage and preventing terminal complement complex formation. It is approved for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG), and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Vericiguat (Verquvo)

April 10, 2026July 2, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Vericiguat is a soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator used in patients with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) following hospitalization or intravenous diuretics. It enhances the nitric oxide (NO)–sGC–cGMP pathway to support cardiovascular function. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Clinical Uses Adverse Effects Comparative Analysis Feature Vericiguat (sGC Stimulator) Nitrates PDE5 … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Wellbutrin (Bupropion)

April 10, 2026July 2, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Wellbutrin (bupropion) is an atypical antidepressant and smoking cessation aid. It primarily works by inhibiting reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine, without affecting serotonin. Additionally, it acts as a nicotinic receptor antagonist, reducing nicotine cravings. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral (IR, SR, XL formulations) Bioavailability ~5–20% Time to Peak (Tmax) … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Januvia (Sitagliptin)

April 10, 2026July 2, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Januvia (sitagliptin) is an oral dipeptidyl peptidase‑4 (DPP‑4) inhibitor used to improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It enhances incretin levels, thereby increasing insulin secretion and lowering glucagon in a glucose-dependent manner. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral (tablet) Bioavailability ~87% Time to Peak (Tmax) ~1–4 hours Protein … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Anakinra

April 10, 2026July 2, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Anakinra is a recombinant human interleukin‑1 receptor antagonist (IL‑1Ra) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID), and other autoinflammatory conditions. It competitively inhibits IL‑1α and IL‑1β binding to IL‑1 receptors, effectively reducing inflammation. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Subcutaneous injection (daily) Bioavailability ~95% Time to Peak (Tmax) … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Stelara (Ustekinumab)

April 10, 2026July 2, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Stelara (ustekinumab) is a fully human IgG1κ monoclonal antibody designed to target key cytokines involved in immune-mediated diseases. It selectively binds to the p40 subunit common to interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-23 (IL-23), blocking their interaction with cell surface receptors. Stelara is approved for several chronic inflammatory conditions including plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn’s disease, … Read more