moa blog - Pharmacy Freak

Mechanism of Action of Stelara (Ustekinumab)

April 10, 2026July 2, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Stelara (ustekinumab) is a fully human IgG1κ monoclonal antibody designed to target key cytokines involved in immune-mediated diseases. It selectively binds to the p40 subunit common to interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-23 (IL-23), blocking their interaction with cell surface receptors. Stelara is approved for several chronic inflammatory conditions including plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn’s disease, … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Farxiga (Dapagliflozin)

April 10, 2026July 1, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Dapagliflozin (trade name Farxiga) is a sodium–glucose co‑transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor used in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). It lowers blood glucose by promoting renal excretion of glucose and also provides cardiovascular and renal benefits beyond glycemic control. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Bupropion

April 10, 2026July 1, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant primarily used to treat major depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, and as an aid for smoking cessation. Unlike SSRIs, bupropion exerts its effects via modulation of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmission, offering a unique mechanism without significant serotonergic side effects. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Lokelma (Sodium Zirconium Cyclosilicate)

July 4, 2025July 1, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Lokelma is an oral, non-absorbed potassium binder used to treat hyperkalemia. It works by selectively trapping potassium ions in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby lowering serum potassium levels and promoting potassium excretion via feces. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Clinical Uses Adverse Effects Comparative Analysis Lokelma offers higher selectivity and fewer systemic effects than … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Entresto (Sacubitril/Valsartan)

July 1, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Entresto is a combination drug containing sacubitril, a neprilysin inhibitor, and valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). It’s primarily used for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The combination enhances natriuretic peptide levels while blocking deleterious effects of angiotensin II, working synergistically to reduce mortality and hospitalizations in heart … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Octreotide

July 4, 2025July 1, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Octreotide is a synthetic somatostatin analog used to treat acromegaly, carcinoid syndrome, VIPoma, and control of panhormonal secretion. It mimics somatostatin, binding to somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), especially SSTR2, to inhibit hormone release and reduce symptoms caused by hormone-secreting tumors. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Administration Subcutaneous/Intramuscular/Long-acting IM Bioavailability ~75–100% for SC … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Acetazolamide

June 30, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with diuretic, antiglaucoma, anticonvulsant, and altitude sickness applications. It reduces bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidney, lowers intraocular and intracranial pressures, and helps correct metabolic alkalosis. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Bioavailability Well absorbed Time to peak plasma ~1–4 hours Protein Binding ~70–90%derangedphysiology.com+15en.wikipedia.org+15reference.medscape.com+15ccforum.biomedcentral.com+3reference.medscape.com+3derangedphysiology.com+3 Metabolism None (excreted unchanged) … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Tamsulosin

June 30, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Tamsulosin is a selective α₁A-adrenergic receptor antagonist, widely prescribed for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). By relaxing smooth muscle in the prostate and bladder neck, it improves urinary flow and decreases symptoms of lower urinary tract obstruction. Its receptor selectivity minimizes blood pressure effects compared to non-selective alpha blockers. Step-by-Step Mechanism of … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Ondansetron

June 30, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Ondansetron is a highly selective 5‑hydroxytryptamine 3 (5‑HT₃) receptor antagonist used primarily as an antiemetic. It prevents nausea and vomiting triggered by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and gastrointestinal irritants. It acts both peripherally in the gastrointestinal tract and centrally in the brainstem’s vomiting centers. Step‑by‑Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Ondansetron Values Bioavailability ~60% … Read more