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USMLE Pharmacology

Mechanism of Action of Mounjaro (Tirzepatide)

Mounjaro Mechanism of Action

Introduction Tirzepatide, marketed as Mounjaro for type 2 diabetes and Zepbound for obesity, is a dual GIP/GLP‑1 receptor agonist. This innovative “twincretin” enhances insulin secretion, suppresses glucagon, delays gastric emptying, and promotes satiety. It offers significant HbA₁c reduction and weight loss advantages over GLP‑1 agonists alone. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Entresto (Sacubitril/Valsartan)

Mechanism of Action

Introduction Entresto is a combination drug containing sacubitril, a neprilysin inhibitor, and valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB). It’s primarily used for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The combination enhances natriuretic peptide levels while blocking deleterious effects of angiotensin II, working synergistically to reduce mortality and hospitalizations in heart … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Octreotide

Octreotide Mechanism of Action

Introduction Octreotide is a synthetic somatostatin analog used to treat acromegaly, carcinoid syndrome, VIPoma, and control of panhormonal secretion. It mimics somatostatin, binding to somatostatin receptors (SSTRs), especially SSTR2, to inhibit hormone release and reduce symptoms caused by hormone-secreting tumors. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Administration Subcutaneous/Intramuscular/Long-acting IM Bioavailability ~75–100% for SC … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Adenosine

Adenosine Mechanism of Action

Introduction Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside used intravenously for the acute termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). It acts on specific adenosine receptors in the heart to slow conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node. Its ultra-short action and safety profile make it the treatment of choice for acute narrow-complex tachycardias. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Acetazolamide

Acetazolamide Mechanism of Action

Introduction Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with diuretic, antiglaucoma, anticonvulsant, and altitude sickness applications. It reduces bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidney, lowers intraocular and intracranial pressures, and helps correct metabolic alkalosis. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Bioavailability Well absorbed Time to peak plasma ~1–4 hours Protein Binding ~70–90%derangedphysiology.com+15en.wikipedia.org+15reference.medscape.com+15ccforum.biomedcentral.com+3reference.medscape.com+3derangedphysiology.com+3 Metabolism None (excreted unchanged) … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Tamsulosin

Tamsulosin Mechanism of Action

Introduction Tamsulosin is a selective α₁A-adrenergic receptor antagonist, widely prescribed for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). By relaxing smooth muscle in the prostate and bladder neck, it improves urinary flow and decreases symptoms of lower urinary tract obstruction. Its receptor selectivity minimizes blood pressure effects compared to non-selective alpha blockers. Step-by-Step Mechanism of … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Spironolactone

spironolactone mechanism of action

Introduction Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic and aldosterone antagonist used primarily in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, primary hyperaldosteronism, and conditions involving androgen excess such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and hirsutism. It works by blocking the action of aldosterone in the distal nephron, thereby reducing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. Its antiandrogenic effects … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Ondansetron

Ondansetron Mechanism of Action

Introduction Ondansetron is a highly selective 5‑hydroxytryptamine 3 (5‑HT₃) receptor antagonist used primarily as an antiemetic. It prevents nausea and vomiting triggered by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and gastrointestinal irritants. It acts both peripherally in the gastrointestinal tract and centrally in the brainstem’s vomiting centers. Step‑by‑Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Ondansetron Values Bioavailability ~60% … Read more

Mechanism of Action of NSAIDs

NSAID Mechanism of Action

Introduction Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a widely used class of medications with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. They are commonly prescribed for pain relief, reducing inflammation in conditions like arthritis, dysmenorrhea, and fevers. NSAIDs achieve these effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes involved in prostaglandin synthesis. Step‑by‑Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Ibuprofen (Representative … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Tranexamic Acid

Tranexamic Acid Mechanism of Action

Introduction Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic agent commonly used to control or prevent excessive bleeding in trauma, surgery, heavy menstrual bleeding, and in hemophilia patients undergoing dental procedures. It stabilizes clots by inhibiting the breakdown of fibrin, thus reducing blood loss and improving hemostasis. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Bioavailability ~30–50% … Read more

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