Harsh Singh Rajput 
1. Identification Summary Cholesterol is an endogenous sterol (cholest-5-en-3β-ol) essential for mammalian cell membranes, precursor of bile acids, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, and a major cargo of lipoproteins (HDL, LDL, VLDL). Brand Names Not applicable (endogenous biomolecule; bulk chemical/excipient). Name Cholesterol Background Core membrane lipid that modulates fluidity and raft microdomains; central node of … Read more
Introduction Antibiotics are chemotherapeutic agents used to kill or inhibit bacterial growth by targeting essential microbial functions that differ from those in human cells. Mechanism of Action of Antibiotics involves interference with bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein translation, DNA or RNA replication, metabolic pathways, or membrane integrity. These mechanisms ensure selective toxicity—destroying bacterial cells while … Read more
Introduction Antibacterial drugs, commonly called antibiotics, are agents that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria by targeting essential cellular processes unique to prokaryotic organisms. Mechanism of Action of Antibacterial Drugs revolves around interference with cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid replication, metabolic pathways, or cell membrane integrity. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for … Read more
1. Identification Summary Glucose (D-glucose; dextrose) is a naturally occurring aldohexose monosaccharide that serves as a primary cellular energy source and a key metabolic substrate in humans. In clinical use, glucose solutions treat hypoglycemia, provide calories and fluid in parenteral nutrition, and are used in diagnostic tests (e.g., OGTT). Brand Names Generic glucose/dextrose products; region-dependent … Read more
1. Identification SummaryOmeprazole is a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) used to reduce gastric acid secretion, treating GERD, peptic ulcer disease, erosive esophagitis, and hypersecretory states; it is supplied as a racemic mixture and often dosed before meals. Brand NamesPrilosec, Losec, Zegerid (omeprazole/sodium bicarbonate); numerous generics (region-dependent) NameOmeprazole BackgroundA benzimidazole sulfoxide first approved in the late 1980s; … Read more
1. Identification SummaryAspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used for analgesia, antipyresis, anti-inflammation, and—at low doses—irreversible antiplatelet therapy for cardiovascular prevention. Brand NamesAspirin, Ecotrin, Aspro, Disprin, Bayer Aspirin (regional variants and generics) NameAspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid) BackgroundA salicylate ester developed in the late 19th century; its acetylation of platelet COX-1 underlies long-lasting antiplatelet … Read more
Introduction Antacids are weakly basic compounds that neutralize excess gastric acid in the stomach, providing rapid relief from heartburn, acid reflux, gastritis, and peptic ulcer disease. Mechanism of Action of Antacids involves a direct chemical reaction with hydrochloric acid (HCl) in gastric juice to form salt and water, thereby increasing gastric pH and reducing acidity. … Read more
1. Identification SummaryIbuprofen is a widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indicated for relief of mild–moderate pain, fever, and inflammatory conditions; available OTC in many regions and by prescription for higher strengths/formulations. Brand NamesAdvil, Motrin, Nurofen, Brufen (regional variants and numerous generics) NameIbuprofen BackgroundA propionic-acid NSAID introduced in the late 1960s/1970s; supplied as a racemic … Read more
1. Identification SummaryA β-lactam, aminopenicillin antibiotic used across primary care and hospital settings for common bacterial infections; often chosen for ENT, lower respiratory, skin/soft-tissue, urinary, and H. pylori combination therapy. Brand NamesAmoxil, Trimox, Moxatag; regional variants and numerous generics NameAmoxicillin BackgroundA semisynthetic derivative of 6-APA (developed in the 1960s) with improved oral absorption versus ampicillin. … Read more
1.Identification SummaryFirst-line oral antihyperglycemic (biguanide) used in type 2 diabetes mellitus; lowers hepatic glucose output, improves insulin sensitivity, and has minimal risk of hypoglycemia when used alone. Brand NamesGlucophage, Riomet, Fortamet, Glumetza (regional availability varies) NameMetformin BackgroundA synthetic dimethylbiguanide introduced clinically in the mid-20th century; retained on essential-medicine lists worldwide due to efficacy, safety profile, … Read more
