Harsh Singh Rajput 
Introduction Antifungal drugs are pharmacological agents used to treat fungal infections (mycoses) affecting the skin, mucous membranes, or internal organs. Mechanism of Action of Antifungal Drugs involves disruption of fungal cell membrane integrity, cell wall synthesis, or nucleic acid function. Since fungal cells are eukaryotic and share many structural similarities with human cells, antifungal agents … Read more
1. Identification Summary Ketone is a carbonyl functional group in which the carbonyl carbon is bonded to two carbons (R₂C=O; neither R is H). The carbonyl is sp², trigonal planar, strongly electrophilic, and shows a characteristic C=O IR band near ~1715 cm⁻¹ for simple aliphatic ketones (conjugation/substitution shifts lower). α-Hydrogens adjacent to the carbonyl are … Read more
Introduction Antidepressant drugs are psychotropic agents used to treat major depressive disorder, anxiety, OCD, PTSD, and chronic pain syndromes. Mechanism of Action of Antidepressant Drugs centers around increasing synaptic concentrations of monoamine neurotransmitters—primarily serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA)—within the central nervous system. These drugs act on transporters, enzymes, or receptors to restore neurochemical … Read more
1. Identification Summary Carboxylic acid denotes the carboxyl (–C(=O)OH) functional group; general formula R–COOH. Core features: acidic proton on the hydroxyl, resonance-stabilized carboxylate conjugate base, strong hydrogen bonding, and broad derivatization (esters, amides, anhydrides, acid chlorides). Brand Names Not applicable. Name Carboxylic acid (carboxyl group) Background Ubiquitous in organic, medicinal, and biochemistry contexts (fatty acids, amino acids, many APIs). Electron-withdrawing substituents lower pKₐ; … Read more
Introduction Anticonvulsant drugs, also called antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), are agents that suppress abnormal electrical discharges in the brain to prevent or reduce the frequency of seizures. Mechanism of Action of Anticonvulsant Drugs involves stabilizing neuronal membranes, modulating ion channels, and enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission (primarily GABAergic) while reducing excitatory neurotransmission (glutamatergic). These drugs are used for … Read more
Introduction Anticoagulants are blood-thinning agents that prevent the formation and extension of blood clots (thrombi) in the vascular system. Mechanism of Action of Anticoagulant Drugs involves inhibition of key factors in the coagulation cascade, thereby interfering with fibrin clot formation. Unlike thrombolytics, which dissolve existing clots, anticoagulants prevent new clot formation and are essential in … Read more
1. Identification Summary Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon (C₆H₆) consisting of a planar six-membered ring with delocalized π electrons; a foundational motif (“phenyl”) in organic chemistry and an industrial solvent/intermediate. Brand Names Not applicable. Name Benzene Background Endogenous to crude oil and combustion streams; widely used as a chemical feedstock; environmental and occupational toxicant with … Read more
Introduction Anticholinergic drugs, also known as parasympatholytic agents, inhibit the actions of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) at muscarinic receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Mechanism of Action of Anticholinergic Drugs involves competitive antagonism of acetylcholine at muscarinic (M1–M5) receptor sites, thereby reducing parasympathetic activity. These drugs are used to treat disorders such as … Read more
1. Identification Summary Azithromycin is a 15-membered azalide macrolide antibiotic indicated for susceptible infections across respiratory, skin/soft-tissue, sexually transmitted, and atypical pathogen settings; class cautions include QT prolongation/arrhythmia risk, hepatotoxicity, C. difficile–associated diarrhea, and myasthenia gravis exacerbation. Brand Names Zithromax, Sumamed; multiple generics (region-dependent) Name Azithromycin Background Semisynthetic azalide derived from erythromycin A; oral, IV, … Read more
1. Identification Summary Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) for hypertension, diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes with proteinuria, and risk reduction of stroke in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Brand Names Cozaar; numerous generics Name Losartan Background First-in-class ARB; marketed commonly as the potassium salt for oral tablets and fixed-dose combinations … Read more
