1. Identification Summary Aldehyde is a carbonyl functional group in which the carbonyl carbon is bonded to one hydrogen and one carbon (R–CHO). It is a terminal, sp², trigonal-planar carbonyl that is strongly electrophilic; hallmark spectroscopic features include a C=O IR band ~1720–1740 cm⁻¹ (lower with conjugation) and a diagnostic aldehydic C–H doublet near ~2720/2820 … Read more
1. Identification Summary Ketone is a carbonyl functional group in which the carbonyl carbon is bonded to two carbons (R₂C=O; neither R is H). The carbonyl is sp², trigonal planar, strongly electrophilic, and shows a characteristic C=O IR band near ~1715 cm⁻¹ for simple aliphatic ketones (conjugation/substitution shifts lower). α-Hydrogens adjacent to the carbonyl are … Read more
1. Identification Summary Carboxylic acid denotes the carboxyl (–C(=O)OH) functional group; general formula R–COOH. Core features: acidic proton on the hydroxyl, resonance-stabilized carboxylate conjugate base, strong hydrogen bonding, and broad derivatization (esters, amides, anhydrides, acid chlorides). Brand Names Not applicable. Name Carboxylic acid (carboxyl group) Background Ubiquitous in organic, medicinal, and biochemistry contexts (fatty acids, amino acids, many APIs). Electron-withdrawing substituents lower pKₐ; … Read more
