Introduction Repaglinide is an oral antidiabetic drug belonging to the meglitinide class. It is primarily used in type 2 diabetes mellitus to control postprandial blood glucose levels. Repaglinide stimulates rapid insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells by closing ATP-sensitive potassium channels, thereby improving glucose control after meals. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) A key exam point is … Read more
Introduction Rasburicase is a recombinant urate oxidase enzyme used for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia associated with tumor lysis syndrome (TLS). It rapidly lowers serum uric acid levels by converting uric acid into allantoin, a more water-soluble and easily excreted metabolite. Rasburicase is particularly useful in oncology patients with rapidly proliferating tumors undergoing chemotherapy. … Read more
Introduction Ranolazine is an antianginal medication primarily used in the treatment of chronic stable angina. Unlike traditional antianginal drugs, it has minimal effects on heart rate and blood pressure. Ranolazine improves myocardial efficiency and reduces ischemia mainly by inhibiting abnormal sodium influx in cardiac cells. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) A key exam point is that … Read more
Introduction Ranitidine is a histamine H2 receptor antagonist previously used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and acid-related disorders. It reduces gastric acid secretion by blocking histamine-mediated stimulation of gastric parietal cells. Although its use has declined in many countries due to concerns regarding NDMA contamination, its pharmacological mechanism remains … Read more
Introduction Ramipril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor widely used in hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, and cardiovascular risk reduction. It lowers blood pressure by inhibiting formation of angiotensin II and reducing aldosterone secretion. Ramipril also increases bradykinin levels, contributing to vasodilation and cardiovascular protection. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) A key exam point is that … Read more
Introduction Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used primarily in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It exhibits estrogen agonist effects on bone and lipid metabolism while acting as an estrogen antagonist in breast and uterine tissue. This tissue-selective activity allows raloxifene to provide beneficial skeletal effects with reduced risk … Read more
Introduction Racecadotril is an antidiarrheal drug used mainly in acute secretory diarrhea. Unlike opioid-based antidiarrheal agents, it does not significantly reduce intestinal motility. Racecadotril acts by inhibiting enkephalinase, thereby enhancing endogenous enkephalin activity in the gastrointestinal tract and reducing excessive intestinal secretion. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) A key exam point is that racecadotril inhibits enkephalinase, … Read more
Introduction Quinolones, also known as fluoroquinolones, are broad-spectrum antibacterial agents used to treat various bacterial infections including urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, gastrointestinal infections, and certain sexually transmitted diseases. These drugs act by inhibiting bacterial DNA replication and transcription through interference with bacterial topoisomerase enzymes. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) A key exam point is … Read more
Introduction Quetiapine is an atypical antipsychotic medication used in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. It acts on multiple neurotransmitter receptors in the central nervous system, particularly dopamine and serotonin receptors. Compared with typical antipsychotics, quetiapine has lower risk of extrapyramidal side effects because of its serotonin-dopamine antagonistic profile. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) A … Read more
Introduction Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic decongestant commonly used to relieve nasal congestion associated with colds, allergies, and sinusitis. It acts primarily by stimulating adrenergic receptors and promoting vasoconstriction in the nasal mucosa. This reduces swelling and improves airflow through the nasal passages. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) A key exam point is that pseudoephedrine relieves nasal … Read more
