Introduction Dextromethorphan is a widely used antitussive (cough suppressant) agent found in over-the-counter cold and cough formulations. Mechanism of Action of Dextromethorphan involves modulation of the central nervous system by acting on multiple receptors, including NMDA, sigma-1, and serotonin transporters. Beyond cough suppression, it has emerging roles in neurology and psychiatry, such as treatment of … Read more
Introduction Duloxetine is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) widely used in psychiatry and neurology. It is prescribed for major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, and chronic musculoskeletal pain. Mechanism of Action of Duloxetine centers on its ability to modulate central monoaminergic neurotransmission by inhibiting reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. This dual mechanism … Read more
Introduction Linagliptin is an oral hypoglycemic drug belonging to the class of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. It is primarily used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus to improve glycemic control. Unlike many other antidiabetic agents, linagliptin has a unique excretion pathway, being mostly eliminated via the enterohepatic system rather than the kidneys, making … Read more
Introduction Triptans are a class of drugs primarily used in the acute treatment of migraine and cluster headaches. They are selective serotonin receptor agonists, specifically targeting the 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D subtypes. By reversing the pathophysiological mechanisms of migraine, triptans help relieve headache, nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia. Common drugs in this class include sumatriptan, rizatriptan, and … Read more
Introduction Hydroxyurea is an antineoplastic and hematologic agent used in the treatment of several conditions including chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), sickle cell anemia, and certain solid tumors. Its therapeutic effectiveness is derived from its ability to inhibit DNA synthesis and modulate erythropoiesis. Hydroxyurea’s distinct dual mechanism—cytotoxicity in cancer and fetal hemoglobin induction in sickle cell … Read more
Introduction Glucagon is a peptide hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas. It plays a crucial role in glucose homeostasis by raising blood glucose levels, especially during fasting states. Clinically, it is used in the emergency treatment of severe hypoglycemia, as well as in diagnostic procedures involving the gastrointestinal tract. Glucagon acts via … Read more
Introduction Nicardipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker primarily used for the management of hypertension and angina. It selectively acts on vascular smooth muscle to induce vasodilation, resulting in decreased systemic vascular resistance. Its rapid onset and favorable hemodynamic profile make it especially useful in hypertensive emergencies and perioperative blood pressure control. Mechanism of Action … Read more
Introduction Oxybutynin is an antimuscarinic agent used primarily in the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) and urinary incontinence. It reduces urinary urgency and frequency by inhibiting involuntary bladder contractions. Its dual mechanism—anticholinergic and direct smooth muscle relaxant properties—makes it effective for bladder control with additional benefits in neurogenic bladder conditions. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) 1. … Read more
Introduction Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide used primarily for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy and constipation. As a non-absorbable sugar, it exerts its effects locally in the colon through osmotic activity and modulation of gut flora. Its dual action—both osmotic laxative and ammonia-reducing agent—makes it a unique therapeutic agent in hepatic and gastrointestinal conditions. Mechanism … Read more
Introduction Orlistat is a lipase inhibitor used primarily as an anti-obesity agent. It acts locally within the gastrointestinal tract to reduce the absorption of dietary fats. Unlike centrally acting appetite suppressants, orlistat exerts its effect peripherally without affecting the central nervous system. This makes it a valuable pharmacologic option for long-term weight management in obese … Read more
