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Mechanism of Action

Mechanism of Action of Apremilast (Otezla)

Mechanism of action of Apremilast

Introduction Apremilast (Otezla) is an oral phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor approved for psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and Behçet’s disease‑associated oral ulcers. By modulating intracellular signaling, it reduces inflammation and disease symptoms through balanced cytokine regulation. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral (delayed-release tablet) Bioavailability ~73% Time to Peak (Tmax) ~2–4 hours Protein Binding … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Eculizumab (Soliris)

Mechanism of action of Eculizumab

Introduction Eculizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to complement protein C5, inhibiting its cleavage and preventing terminal complement complex formation. It is approved for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG), and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Vericiguat (Verquvo)

Mechanism of action of Vericiguat

Introduction Vericiguat is a soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator used in patients with chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) following hospitalization or intravenous diuretics. It enhances the nitric oxide (NO)–sGC–cGMP pathway to support cardiovascular function. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Clinical Uses Adverse Effects Comparative Analysis Feature Vericiguat (sGC Stimulator) Nitrates PDE5 … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Wellbutrin (Bupropion)

Mechanism of action of Wellbutrin

Introduction Wellbutrin (bupropion) is an atypical antidepressant and smoking cessation aid. It primarily works by inhibiting reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine, without affecting serotonin. Additionally, it acts as a nicotinic receptor antagonist, reducing nicotine cravings. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral (IR, SR, XL formulations) Bioavailability ~5–20% Time to Peak (Tmax) … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Januvia (Sitagliptin)

Mechanism of action of Januvia

Introduction Januvia (sitagliptin) is an oral dipeptidyl peptidase‑4 (DPP‑4) inhibitor used to improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It enhances incretin levels, thereby increasing insulin secretion and lowering glucagon in a glucose-dependent manner. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral (tablet) Bioavailability ~87% Time to Peak (Tmax) ~1–4 hours Protein … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Anakinra

Mechanism of action of Anakinra

Introduction Anakinra is a recombinant human interleukin‑1 receptor antagonist (IL‑1Ra) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID), and other autoinflammatory conditions. It competitively inhibits IL‑1α and IL‑1β binding to IL‑1 receptors, effectively reducing inflammation. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Subcutaneous injection (daily) Bioavailability ~95% Time to Peak (Tmax) … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Stelara (Ustekinumab)

Mechanism of action of Stelara

Introduction Stelara (ustekinumab) is a fully human IgG1κ monoclonal antibody designed to target key cytokines involved in immune-mediated diseases. It selectively binds to the p40 subunit common to interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interleukin-23 (IL-23), blocking their interaction with cell surface receptors. Stelara is approved for several chronic inflammatory conditions including plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn’s disease, … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Farxiga (Dapagliflozin)

Mechanism of action Farxiga

Introduction Dapagliflozin (trade name Farxiga) is a sodium–glucose co‑transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor used in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). It lowers blood glucose by promoting renal excretion of glucose and also provides cardiovascular and renal benefits beyond glycemic control. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Semaglutide (Ozempic/Wegovy)

Semaglutide Mechanism of Action

Introduction Semaglutide (Ozempic for diabetes; Wegovy for obesity) is a GLP‑1 receptor agonist used for type 2 diabetes mellitus management and chronic weight loss. It mimics the incretin hormone glucagon‑like peptide‑1 (GLP‑1), leading to improved glycemic control, reduced appetite, delayed gastric emptying, and favorable effects on cardiovascular risk. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Bupropion

Bupropion Mechanism of Action

Introduction Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant primarily used to treat major depressive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, and as an aid for smoking cessation. Unlike SSRIs, bupropion exerts its effects via modulation of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmission, offering a unique mechanism without significant serotonergic side effects. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral … Read more

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