Mechanism of Action - Pharmacy Freak

Mechanism of Action of Tofacitinib (Xeljanz)

April 10, 2026July 3, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, primarily targeting JAK1 and JAK3. It blocks intracellular signaling of multiple inflammatory cytokines and is approved for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ulcerative colitis (UC), and other immune-mediated diseases. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral Bioavailability ~74% Time to Peak (Tmax) … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Liraglutide

April 10, 2026July 3, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Liraglutide is a long-acting GLP‑1 receptor agonist, injected once daily. It’s used for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic weight management, and also approved for reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with T2DM and established heart disease. It mimics the effects of endogenous GLP‑1 to improve glycemic control and promote satiety. Step-by-Step Mechanism of … Read more

Mechanism of Action of SGLT2Inhibitors

April 10, 2026July 3, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction SGLT2 inhibitors, also known as “gliflozins,” are a class of oral antidiabetic agents primarily used to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus. They also exhibit notable cardiovascular and renal protective effects, making them valuable in treating heart failure and chronic kidney disease, even in non-diabetic patients. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Absorption … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Semaglutide

April 10, 2026July 3, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Semaglutide is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) used for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management and chronic weight management. It mimics endogenous GLP‑1 to improve glycemic control and promote weight loss through central appetite suppression and delayed gastric emptying. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Subcutaneous weekly injection Bioavailability … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Tolvaptan

April 10, 2026July 3, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Tolvaptan is an oral vasopressin V₂ receptor antagonist, approved for treating hyponatremia due to SIADH, heart failure, or cirrhosis, and for slowing disease progression in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). It increases free water excretion (aquaretic effect) without significant electrolyte loss. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral Bioavailability ~40% … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Tocilizumab

April 10, 2026July 3, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Tocilizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R). It is approved for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), giant cell arteritis (GCA), Castleman disease, cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and spondyloarthritis-associated uveitis. By blocking IL-6 signaling, it dampens inflammation in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Amantadine

April 10, 2026July 3, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Amantadine is an antiviral agent and antiparkinsonian medication. Initially used for influenza A, it also treats drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms and Parkinson’s disease. Its mechanism combines viral M2 ion channel inhibition and enhancement of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral (capsule, syrup) Bioavailability ~86% … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Jardiance (Empagliflozin)

April 10, 2026July 3, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Jardiance (empagliflozin) is a sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor used for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). It lowers blood glucose by increasing renal glucose loss and offers cardiovascular and renal benefits. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral (tablet), once … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Apremilast (Otezla)

April 10, 2026July 3, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Apremilast (Otezla) is an oral phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor approved for psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and Behçet’s disease‑associated oral ulcers. By modulating intracellular signaling, it reduces inflammation and disease symptoms through balanced cytokine regulation. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral (delayed-release tablet) Bioavailability ~73% Time to Peak (Tmax) ~2–4 hours Protein Binding … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Eculizumab (Soliris)

April 10, 2026July 3, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Eculizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to complement protein C5, inhibiting its cleavage and preventing terminal complement complex formation. It is approved for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG), and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route … Read more