Harsh Singh Rajput 
Introduction Nicorandil is an antianginal drug with a dual mechanism of action, combining nitrate-like properties with potassium channel–opening activity. It is used in the management of chronic stable angina to improve myocardial oxygen balance. By causing both arterial and venous vasodilation, nicorandil reduces cardiac workload and improves coronary blood flow. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) A … Read more
Introduction Nefopam is a centrally acting non-opioid analgesic used for the management of moderate acute pain. It is distinct from NSAIDs and opioids, as it does not possess anti-inflammatory or opioid receptor activity. Nefopam is commonly used postoperatively and in musculoskeletal pain due to its analgesic properties without causing respiratory depression. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) … Read more
Introduction Nebivolol is a third-generation, highly selective β1-adrenergic receptor blocker with additional vasodilatory properties. It is primarily used in the management of hypertension and heart failure. Unlike traditional beta-blockers, nebivolol uniquely enhances nitric oxide (NO) release, contributing to improved vascular function and reduced peripheral resistance. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) A key exam point is that … Read more
Introduction Naproxen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. It is commonly prescribed in conditions such as arthritis, musculoskeletal pain, dysmenorrhea, and fever. Naproxen works by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are key mediators of inflammation and pain. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) A key exam point … Read more
Introduction N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a mucolytic and antioxidant drug widely used in the management of acetaminophen (paracetamol) toxicity and respiratory conditions with thick mucus. It serves as a precursor to glutathione and plays a crucial role in detoxification and reduction of oxidative stress. NAC has both pulmonary and hepatic protective effects. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) … Read more
Introduction Mycophenolate mofetil is an immunosuppressive drug widely used in organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases. It is a prodrug that is converted to mycophenolic acid (MPA), its active form. It selectively inhibits lymphocyte proliferation, making it highly effective in preventing graft rejection and treating immune-mediated disorders. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) A key exam point is … Read more
Introduction Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic derived from opium and widely used for the management of moderate to severe pain. It acts primarily on opioid receptors in the central nervous system to produce analgesia, sedation, and euphoria. Morphine is considered the prototype opioid and is commonly used in postoperative pain, cancer pain, and acute … Read more
Introduction Montelukast is a leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) used in the management of asthma and allergic rhinitis. It is particularly effective in controlling chronic inflammation and preventing bronchoconstriction. Unlike bronchodilators, montelukast does not provide immediate relief but is used as a maintenance therapy to reduce airway inflammation and improve respiratory function. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) … Read more
Introduction Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors) are a class of antidepressant drugs used in the treatment of major depressive disorder, atypical depression, and certain anxiety disorders. They increase the availability of key neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine by inhibiting their enzymatic breakdown. Although effective, their use is limited due to dietary restrictions and … Read more
Introduction Mirtazapine is an atypical antidepressant classified as a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant (NaSSA). It is commonly used in major depressive disorder, particularly in patients with insomnia, weight loss, or anxiety. Unlike SSRIs and TCAs, mirtazapine enhances neurotransmitter release by blocking inhibitory receptors rather than inhibiting reuptake. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) A key exam … Read more
