Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team

Harsh Singh Rajput is a pharmacist currently working at ESIC and holds an MBA in Pharmaceutical Management from NIPER Hyderabad. He has a strong academic record with top ranks in national-level pharmacy exams, including AIR 61 in NIPER 2024 (MS/M.Pharm), AIR 27 in NIPER MBA, AIR 147 in GPAT 2024, AIR 907 in GPAT 2023, and AIR 6 in AIIMS CRE-2025 for Drug Store Keeper. At PharmacyFreak.com, he contributes expert content, exam strategies, and practical guidance for future pharmacists. Mail- harsh@pharmacyfreak.com

Mechanism of Action of Cyclosporine

April 10, 2026July 13, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Cyclosporine is a calcineurin inhibitor used primarily to prevent organ transplant rejection and to treat select autoimmune disorders. It binds to cyclophilin, forming a complex that inhibits calcineurin, thereby blocking T‑cell activation and interleukin‑2 (IL‑2) production. This selective immunosuppression reduces T‑lymphocyte–mediated damage. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Bioavailability ~30% (range 10–90%) … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Eliquis (Apixaban)

April 10, 2026July 13, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Eliquis (apixaban) is an oral direct Factor Xa inhibitor used to prevent stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and to treat or prevent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). It binds selectively and reversibly to both free and clot-bound Factor Xa, blocking thrombin generation and fibrin clot formation without needing antithrombin III. Step-by-Step … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Naltrexone

April 10, 2026July 13, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Naltrexone is a pure opioid antagonist primarily used to prevent relapse in opioid use disorder and reduce alcohol craving in alcohol dependence. It competitively blocks μ-opioid receptors and to a lesser extent κ and δ receptors, thereby diminishing the rewarding effects of opioids and alcohol without inducing any agonist activity. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Mirabegron

April 10, 2026July 13, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Mirabegron is a β₃‑adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat overactive bladder (OAB). By selectively activating β₃‑receptors in the detrusor muscle of the bladder, it enhances urine storage and reduces urinary urgency and frequency without significantly affecting cardiovascular β₁ or β₂ receptors. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Bioavailability ~29% (fasting) Peak Plasma … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Aripiprazole

April 10, 2026July 13, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Aripiprazole is a third-generation atypical antipsychotic approved for treating schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression (as an adjunct), Tourette’s syndrome, and irritability in autism. It is pharmacologically unique for its role as a partial agonist at dopamine D₂ and serotonin 5‑HT₁A receptors, and as an antagonist at serotonin 5‑HT₂A receptors, allowing it to modulate neurotransmission rather … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Ticagrelor

April 10, 2026July 13, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Ticagrelor is an oral antiplatelet agent used in the management of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and for secondary prevention of thrombotic events. It directly and reversibly inhibits the P2Y₁₂ receptor on platelets, thereby preventing ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Unlike thienopyridines like clopidogrel, it does not require metabolic activation, leading to a faster and more predictable … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Vyvanse (Lisdexamfetamine)

April 10, 2026July 12, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine) is a central nervous system stimulant used to treat ADHD and binge-eating disorder. It is a prodrug, meaning it becomes active only after enzymatic conversion in the body. This mechanism provides a smoother onset, extended action, and lower risk of misuse. Its active metabolite, dextroamphetamine, boosts dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain—improving … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Dexmedetomidine

April 10, 2026July 12, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist used for sedation in intensive care settings and during surgical procedures. It provides sedation without significant respiratory depression, distinguishing it from other sedatives like benzodiazepines and propofol. Its analgesic-sparing and sympatholytic effects further enhance its clinical utility. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Apixaban

April 10, 2026July 11, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Apixaban is a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) used to prevent and treat thrombosis. It is specifically indicated for stroke prevention in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE), and management of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Its predictable pharmacokinetics and oral administration make it a widely used alternative … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Empagliflozin

April 10, 2026July 11, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Empagliflozin is an oral sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor that lowers blood glucose by promoting urinary glucose excretion. It also provides cardiovascular and renal protective benefits, and is approved for type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease. Step-by-Step Mechanism of Action Pharmacokinetic Parameters Parameter Value Route Oral, taken once daily Bioavailability ~78% … Read more