Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team 
Introduction Meropenem is a broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic belonging to the carbapenem class. It is highly effective against a wide range of Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria, including many resistant organisms. Meropenem is commonly used in severe infections such as sepsis, meningitis, intra-abdominal infections, and hospital-acquired infections. Its bactericidal activity is due to inhibition of bacterial … Read more
Introduction Meglitinides are a class of oral antidiabetic drugs used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Common agents include repaglinide and nateglinide. They are insulin secretagogues that stimulate rapid, short-acting insulin release from pancreatic β-cells. Meglitinides are particularly effective in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia due to their quick onset and short duration of action. … Read more
Introduction Meclizine is a first-generation antihistamine primarily used for the prevention and treatment of motion sickness and vertigo associated with vestibular disorders. It exerts antiemetic and antivertigo effects by acting on central pathways involved in balance and nausea. In addition to antihistaminic activity, meclizine also has anticholinergic properties that contribute to its therapeutic effects. Mechanism … Read more
Introduction Mebeverine is an antispasmodic drug commonly used in the management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and other functional gastrointestinal disorders. It acts directly on the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract to relieve spasms without significantly affecting normal gut motility. Unlike anticholinergic agents, mebeverine does not produce significant systemic anticholinergic side effects, making it … Read more
Introduction Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors) are a class of antidepressant drugs used in the treatment of major depressive disorder, atypical depression, and certain anxiety disorders. They act by inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO), an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of key neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. By preventing degradation of these monoamines, MAO … Read more
Introduction Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic widely used in clinical practice to reduce intracranial pressure, intraocular pressure, and to promote diuresis in certain renal conditions. It is a pharmacologically inert sugar alcohol that is freely filtered at the glomerulus but not reabsorbed in the renal tubules. Its primary mechanism involves increasing osmotic pressure in the … Read more
Introduction Magnesium sulphate is an essential inorganic compound used in multiple clinical settings, including eclampsia, preeclampsia, arrhythmias (especially torsades de pointes), asthma exacerbations, and as a laxative. Its pharmacological effects are diverse because magnesium acts as a physiological calcium antagonist and modulates neuromuscular and cardiac excitability. The drug primarily reduces neuronal and muscular excitability, producing … Read more
Introduction Lovenox (enoxaparin) is a low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) widely used as an anticoagulant for the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders. It is derived from unfractionated heparin but has more predictable pharmacokinetics and a more selective mechanism of action. Enoxaparin primarily enhances the activity of antithrombin III, leading to inhibition of key clotting … Read more
Introduction Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) widely used in the management of hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy. Unlike ACE inhibitors, losartan directly blocks the effects of angiotensin II at its receptor rather than inhibiting its formation. This results in vasodilation, reduced aldosterone secretion, and decreased blood pressure without significantly affecting bradykinin … Read more
Introduction Lorazepam is a benzodiazepine widely used for its anxiolytic, sedative, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. It is commonly prescribed in anxiety disorders, status epilepticus, and as a pre-anesthetic medication. Lorazepam acts by enhancing the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system, leading to decreased neuronal excitability. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) A … Read more
