beta blocker pharmacology - Pharmacy Freak

Mechanism of Action of Timolol

June 8, 2026 Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Timolol is a nonselective β-adrenergic receptor blocker widely used in glaucoma, ocular hypertension, hypertension, angina pectoris, migraine prophylaxis, and certain cardiac arrhythmias. In ophthalmology, timolol is particularly important because it lowers intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous humor production. Unlike many glaucoma medications, it does not significantly affect pupil size or accommodation. Mechanism of Action … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Metoprolol

April 10, 2026April 10, 2026 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Metoprolol is a selective β1-adrenergic receptor blocker (cardioselective beta-blocker) widely used in the management of hypertension, angina, heart failure, and arrhythmias. By selectively targeting β1 receptors in the heart, metoprolol reduces cardiac workload and oxygen demand while minimizing effects on β2 receptors in the lungs at therapeutic doses. Mechanism of Action (Step-wise) A key … Read more

Mechanism of Action of Atenolol

April 10, 2026November 12, 2025 Pharmacy Freak Editorial Team Harsh Singh Rajput

Introduction Atenolol is a selective β₁-adrenergic receptor blocker (β-blocker) primarily used in the management of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and post-myocardial infarction therapy. Its mechanism of action involves blocking β₁ receptors in the heart, which decreases heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output — leading to a reduction in blood pressure and myocardial oxygen demand. Unlike … Read more