Ancillary supplies are such that the laboratories, wards, and special service areas can predict their rate of use and order them from the pharmacy either weekly or bi-weekly. The following two methods are utilized to inform the wards, laboratories, and special service areas about what is to be carried in inventory: In hospitals where a … Read more
There are many natural substances of vegetable, animal, and mineral origin. These substances are mostly beneficial but some are even harmful to mankind if not used properly and are misused. Morphine and allied alkaloids of opium, cocaine, coca leaves, cannabinoids, and other resins of Cannabis indica, ergot, etc. are examples of such drugs. These are … Read more
The stock drugs in the ward are not labeled with the directions for use because there may be a few patients who are receiving the same medication under different therapeutic regimens. If a direction for use is labeled on the container of such drugs, the patients may get confused and may end up taking the … Read more
All hospitals should have a uniform charging policy for drugs. An unbiased price for drugs should be charged to all the patients while considering the financial interests of the hospital. The charging policies are categorized under the following heads: Per Diem Drug Charge or all-inclusive or no Special Rate In this system, charges for 250 … Read more
During reporting an ADR, the healthcare professional should keep in mind that these reports are only showing suspected associations of a drug with a particular adverse event. Reporting an ADR does not confirm a causal relationship between the drug and the adverse reaction. But, it is always better to report a case in a doubtful … Read more
ADR is detected by the following two methods: Pharmacovigilance (Spontaneous Case Reports and Record Linkage Studies) Pharmacovigilance is a branch of clinical pharmacy in which drug-induced unknown adverse effects and their risk factors are detected and studied to prevent iatrogenic disease and promote the safe and rational use of drugs. The WHO defined pharmacovigilance as … Read more
A situation in which a substance affects the drug activity (i.e., either increases or decreases the effects) or produces a new effect that does not produce on its own is termed a drug interaction. Interaction between drugs (i.e., drug-drug interaction) occurs most commonly. However, interactions also occur between drugs and foods (i.e., drug-food interactions), and … Read more
Any appreciable harmful or unpleasant reaction resulting from an intervention related to the use of a medicinal product, which predicts hazard from future administration and warrants prevention or specific treatment, or alteration of the dosage regimen or withdrawal of the product is known as an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR). Both toxic effects and side effects … Read more
The pharmacist should consider the following factors before opening a new pharmacy. Organization The pharmacist may choose from three widely recognized forms of legal organization for the drug store enterprise. Unincorporated Sole Proprietorships The business enterprise owned and managed by an unincorporated sole proprietor is not considered in law as a separate legal entity; rather, … Read more
A license is required to sell, stock, exhibit for sale, or distribute drugs. In order to open a retail drug store in any state, the following documents are needed for a new license. The license is valid for a period of five years. It is required to be renewed for the next five years before … Read more
