Introduction Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors, commonly referred to as gliptins, are oral antidiabetic drugs that enhance the action of incretin hormones, especially GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) and GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide). They help regulate postprandial and fasting blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Commonly used DPP-4 inhibitors include: These agents are known … Read more
Introduction Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), also known as glitazones, are oral antidiabetic drugs used to improve insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Unlike insulin secretagogues, TZDs do not stimulate insulin release—they enhance the body’s response to insulin. Common examples include: They act by binding to PPAR-γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) and modulating gene transcription, … Read more
Introduction Meglitinides, also known as glinides, are short-acting insulin secretagogues used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. They function similarly to sulfonylureas but have a more rapid onset and shorter duration of action, making them ideal for postprandial glucose control. Common meglitinides include: These drugs are especially useful for meal-time glucose spikes and … Read more
Introduction Sulfonylureas are one of the oldest and most widely used classes of oral antidiabetic agents. They are particularly effective in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have residual pancreatic beta-cell function. They exert their effect by stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Sulfonylureas are typically used in combination with other agents or … Read more
Introduction Potassium-sparing diuretics are a unique subclass of diuretics that help conserve potassium levels while promoting mild diuresis. Unlike other diuretics, they do not cause hypokalemia, making them ideal as adjunct therapy with thiazide or loop diuretics. These drugs are grouped into two types: These drugs are tested frequently in USMLE, NCLEX, GPAT, NAPLEX, and … Read more
