Harsh Singh Rajput 
Introduction Rybelsus is the brand name of oral semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is pharmacologically important because it is an orally administered GLP-1 receptor agonist, unlike many other GLP-1 receptor agonists that are given by subcutaneous injection. Rybelsus is used along with diet and … Read more
Introduction Auvelity is a fixed-dose oral combination of dextromethorphan hydrobromide and bupropion hydrochloride. It is used for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults, and its U.S. use has also expanded to agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease in adults. Auvelity is pharmacologically important because it combines two drugs with different but … Read more
Introduction Zeposia is the brand name of ozanimod, an oral immunomodulatory drug used mainly in relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis and moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. It belongs to the class of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators, commonly called S1P receptor modulators. Zeposia is important in pharmacology because it does not act like a conventional anti-inflammatory … Read more
Introduction Fasenra is the brand name of benralizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody used mainly in the management of severe eosinophilic asthma. It belongs to the class of biologic anti-eosinophilic therapies and is especially important in patients whose asthma remains uncontrolled despite standard inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting bronchodilator therapy. Unlike conventional asthma medicines such as beta-2 … Read more
Introduction Trodelvy is the brand name for sacituzumab govitecan, an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) used for the treatment of certain advanced or metastatic cancers, particularly triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer after prior therapies. It combines the targeting capability of a monoclonal antibody with the potent cytotoxic activity of a chemotherapy payload. Sacituzumab … Read more
Mechanism of Action of Otezla (Apremilast) Introduction Otezla is the brand name for apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor used for the treatment of plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, oral ulcers associated with Behçet’s disease, and other inflammatory conditions. Unlike biologic therapies that target specific cytokines, apremilast works intracellularly by modulating inflammatory signaling pathways through cyclic … Read more
Introduction Nucala is the brand name for mepolizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets interleukin-5 (IL-5). It is used for the treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Eosinophils play a major role in eosinophilic inflammatory diseases by releasing inflammatory mediators that damage … Read more
Introduction Kerendia is the brand name for finerenone, a non-steroidal selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) used to reduce the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and cardiovascular complications in adults with chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Unlike older steroidal MRAs such as spironolactone and eplerenone, finerenone has a unique non-steroidal … Read more
Introduction Zolpidem is a non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic drug primarily used for the short-term treatment of insomnia. It belongs to a class of medications commonly referred to as “Z-drugs,” which also includes zaleplon and zopiclone/eszopiclone. Although structurally different from benzodiazepines, zolpidem exerts its pharmacological effects through the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. Zolpidem is particularly effective in … Read more
Introduction Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for normal blood coagulation and bone metabolism. It acts as a cofactor in the synthesis of several clotting factors and regulatory proteins through a process known as γ-carboxylation. Without adequate vitamin K, the liver cannot produce fully functional coagulation factors, leading to impaired blood clotting and an … Read more
