Mechanism of Action of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)

Introduction

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) are a major class of antihypertensive drugs. They selectively block the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor, reducing blood pressure and protecting organs from damage caused by chronic hypertension.

Commonly used ARBs include:

  • Losartan
  • Valsartan
  • Telmisartan
  • Olmesartan
  • Irbesartan

ARBs are widely prescribed for managing:

  • Hypertension
  • Heart failure
  • Diabetic nephropathy
  • Post-myocardial infarction
  • Chronic kidney disease

Because of their safety profile and efficacy, they are commonly tested in exams such as USMLE, NCLEX, NAPLEX, GPAT, and NEET-PG.


Stepwise Mechanism of Action of ARBs

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  1. Blockade of AT1 Receptors
    ARBs selectively block angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors, preventing angiotensin II from binding to its main target on vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal cortex.
  2. Reduced Vasoconstriction
    Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor. By blocking AT1 receptors, ARBs promote vasodilation and reduce systemic vascular resistance.
  3. Decreased Aldosterone Secretion
    Angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex. ARBs inhibit this effect, leading to decreased sodium and water reabsorption, and lower blood volume.
  4. No Effect on Bradykinin Breakdown
    Unlike ACE inhibitors, ARBs do not affect bradykinin metabolism, resulting in fewer side effects such as dry cough or angioedema.
  5. Organ Protection
    ARBs provide renal and cardiovascular protection, especially in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease.

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Pharmacokinetic Parameters of ARBs

ParameterGeneral Values (Varies by Drug)
Bioavailability25–60% (oral)
Onset of Action1–2 hours
Half-life6–24 hours (drug-dependent)
Protein Binding>90%
MetabolismHepatic (CYP2C9 for losartan)
ExcretionRenal and biliary

Clinical Uses of ARBs

  • Essential hypertension
  • Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)
  • Diabetic nephropathy
  • Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
  • Post-myocardial infarction
  • Stroke prevention (in combination with thiazide)

Adverse Effects of ARBs

  • Hyperkalemia
  • Hypotension, especially after first dose
  • Dizziness, fatigue
  • Headache
  • Angioedema (rare, lower incidence than ACE inhibitors)
  • Fetal toxicity – contraindicated in pregnancy
  • Renal function decline in bilateral renal artery stenosis

Comparative Analysis: ARBs vs ACE Inhibitors

FeatureARBsACE Inhibitors
TargetAT1 receptorACE enzyme
Bradykinin effectNoneIncreases bradykinin
Dry cough riskLowHigh
Angioedema riskLowHigher
Use in ACEI-intolerantYesNo

Practice MCQs

Q1. What is the main site of action of ARBs?
a. ACE enzyme
b. Renin
c. AT1 receptor ✅
d. Beta-1 receptor

Q2. Which of the following effects is blocked by ARBs?
a. Bradykinin breakdown
b. Angiotensin II receptor activation ✅
c. Sodium excretion
d. Renin secretion

Q3. Why do ARBs cause less cough than ACE inhibitors?
a. They inhibit renin directly
b. They do not affect bradykinin metabolism ✅
c. They increase dopamine release
d. They are administered intravenously

Q4. ARBs are contraindicated in which condition?
a. Asthma
b. Pregnancy ✅
c. Anemia
d. Hyperlipidemia

Q5. Which ARB undergoes significant first-pass hepatic metabolism?
a. Valsartan
b. Telmisartan
c. Losartan ✅
d. Irbesartan

Q6. A common electrolyte disturbance with ARBs is:
a. Hypocalcemia
b. Hyperkalemia ✅
c. Hypernatremia
d. Hypokalemia

Q7. In a patient who developed cough with an ACE inhibitor, the next best alternative is:
a. Calcium channel blocker
b. ARB ✅
c. Diuretic
d. Beta-blocker

Q8. ARBs are considered renoprotective in:
a. Acute kidney injury
b. Diabetic nephropathy ✅
c. UTI
d. Glomerulonephritis

Q9. ARBs are typically combined with which drug for enhanced blood pressure control?
a. Statin
b. Beta-blocker
c. Thiazide diuretic ✅
d. Nitrate

Q10. Which of the following is NOT an expected effect of ARBs?
a. Vasodilation
b. Decreased aldosterone
c. Cough ✅
d. Lower blood pressure


FAQs

Q1: Are ARBs safe in pregnancy?
No, they are contraindicated due to their teratogenic effects, especially in the second and third trimesters.

Q2: Can ARBs be combined with ACE inhibitors?
Generally not recommended, due to increased risk of hyperkalemia and renal dysfunction.

Q3: Do ARBs affect bradykinin levels?
No, which is why dry cough and angioedema are much less common compared to ACE inhibitors.

Q4: Are ARBs nephroprotective?
Yes, they slow the progression of diabetic nephropathy and CKD by reducing glomerular hypertension.


References

  • KD Tripathi – Essentials of Medical Pharmacology
  • Goodman & Gilman – The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics
  • Review of Pharmacology – Sparsh Gupta
  • American College of Cardiology Guidelines
  • NCBI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470410/

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