Urinary Tract Calculi & Nephrocalcinosis MCQ Quiz | Renal & Genitourinary

1. What is the most common type of renal stone found in the general population?

2. Which type of renal calculus is strongly associated with recurrent urinary tract infections caused by urease-producing bacteria like Proteus mirabilis?

3. A patient presents with renal colic. A KUB X-ray is performed but shows no evidence of a stone. Which type of stone is most likely to be radiolucent?

4. Cystine stones are caused by an inherited autosomal recessive disorder affecting the transport of which amino acids?

5. What is considered the gold standard imaging modality for the initial diagnosis of acute nephrolithiasis?

6. Struvite stones can grow to a large size, filling the renal pelvis and calyces. This formation is known as a:

7. Which of the following medications is commonly used for Medical Expulsive Therapy (MET) to facilitate the passage of ureteric stones?

8. The formation of uric acid stones is highly dependent on urinary pH. These stones typically form in:

9. In contrast to uric acid stones, struvite stones form in which type of urinary environment?

10. A patient with recurrent calcium oxalate stones should be advised to follow which dietary recommendation?

11. Nephrocalcinosis is best defined as:

12. Which of the following conditions is the most common cause of nephrocalcinosis?

13. What is the preferred treatment modality for a large (>2 cm) renal pelvic stone?

14. The classic clinical presentation of a ureteric stone causing obstruction is severe, intermittent flank pain that radiates to the groin or testicle/labia. This symptom is known as:

15. The presence of hexagonal-shaped crystals in a urine microscopy analysis is pathognomonic for which type of stone?

16. Urine microscopy reveals rectangular or “coffin-lid” shaped crystals. This finding is most characteristic of:

17. Octahedral or “envelope-shaped” crystals are typically seen in the urine of patients with which type of stones?

18. Which of the following antiretroviral drugs is well-known for causing radiolucent kidney stones?

19. For a 7mm stone located in the distal ureter that has failed to pass with medical expulsive therapy, what is the most appropriate next step in management?

20. Which of the following is an absolute contraindication for Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)?

21. Medullary sponge kidney is a congenital disorder characterized by cystic dilatation of the collecting ducts. It primarily predisposes patients to which of the following conditions?

22. What is the mechanism of action of Allopurinol in the prevention of certain types of kidney stones?

23. “Steinstrasse” (stone street) is a potential complication characterized by a column of stone fragments in the ureter. This is most commonly seen after which procedure?

24. Calcium phosphate stones are particularly associated with which underlying metabolic condition that causes alkaline urine and hypercalciuria?

25. Patients with Crohn’s disease or other malabsorptive states are at an increased risk of developing which type of kidney stone due to enteric hyperoxaluria?