We have provided 80 MCQs on Cellular level of organization, Unit-1, 1st semester, Human Anatomy and physiology, B. Pharm. We have covered following topics.
Structure and functions of cell, transport across cell membrane, cell division, cell junctions. General principles of cell communication, intracellular signaling pathway activation by extracellular signal molecule, Forms of intracellular signaling: a) Contact-dependent b) Paracrine c) Synaptic d) Endocrine
Table of Contents
MCQs on Cellular level of organization
Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins in the cell?
- a) Mitochondria
- b) Nucleus
- c) Golgi apparatus
- d) Ribosome
Correct Answer: d
The control center of the cell that contains genetic information is the:
- a) Lysosome
- b) Nucleus
- c) Vacuole
- d) Endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: b
Which organelle is known as the “powerhouse” of the cell due to its role in producing energy?
- a) Lysosome
- b) Nucleus
- c) Mitochondria
- d) Chloroplast
Correct Answer: c
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
- a) Synthesizing proteins
- b) Storing genetic material
- c) Providing structural support
- d) Regulating the passage of substances in and out of the cell
Correct Answer: d
Which cellular structure is responsible for breaking down cellular waste and debris?
- a) Ribosome
- b) Nucleus
- c) Lysosome
- d) Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: c
Which type of cellular transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient?
- a) Passive transport
- b) Active transport
- c) Diffusion
- d) Osmosis
Correct Answer: b
The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane is called:
- a) Active transport
- b) Facilitated diffusion
- c) Osmosis
- d) Endocytosis
Correct Answer: c
Which type of cellular transport involves the movement of large molecules or particles into the cell?
- a) Exocytosis
- b) Endocytosis
- c) Diffusion
- d) Osmosis
Correct Answer: b
The process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells is called:
- a) Meiosis
- b) Mitosis
- c) Cytokinesis
- d) Apoptosis
Correct Answer: b
In humans, how many chromosomes are present in a normal somatic cell?
- a) 23
- b) 46
- c) 22
- d) 20
Correct Answer: b
Which type of cell junction provides a strong mechanical link between cells, allowing tissues to withstand stretching and mechanical stress?
- a) Gap junctions
- b) Desmosomes
- c) Tight junctions
- d) Plasmodesmata
Correct Answer: b
Gap junctions are important for:
- a) Preventing communication between cells
- b) Adhesion between adjacent cells
- c) Exchange of ions and small molecules between cells
- d) Mechanical support of tissues
Correct Answer: c
Which type of intracellular signaling involves direct physical contact between cells?
- a) Contact-dependent signaling
- b) Paracrine signaling
- c) Synaptic signaling
- d) Endocrine signaling
Correct Answer: a
Paracrine signaling involves:
- a) Signaling molecules that act on the same cell that produced them
- b) Signaling molecules that travel through the bloodstream to distant target cells
- c) Signaling molecules that act on neighboring cells
- d) Signaling molecules that are released into the extracellular matrix
Correct Answer: c
The process by which cells communicate and respond to signals from their environment is known as:
- a) Replication
- b) Transcription
- c) Translation
- d) Signal transduction
Correct Answer: d
Which molecule serves as a common second messenger in many intracellular signaling pathways?
- a) DNA
- b) RNA
- c) cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)
- d) ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Correct Answer: c
Which form of intracellular signaling involves the release of neurotransmitters from one neuron to another?
- a) Contact-dependent
- b) Paracrine
- c) Synaptic
- d) Endocrine
Correct Answer: c
The release of hormones into the bloodstream for widespread distribution is characteristic of:
- a) Contact-dependent signaling
- b) Paracrine signaling
- c) Synaptic signaling
- d) Endocrine signaling
Correct Answer: d
What cellular structure is responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells?
- a) Golgi apparatus
- b) Mitochondria
- c) Nucleus
- d) Chloroplast
Correct Answer: d
The process by which a cell engulfs solid particles from its surroundings is called:
- a) Osmosis
- b) Exocytosis
- c) Phagocytosis
- d) Diffusion
Correct Answer: c
What is the name for the specialized region where two neurons communicate with each other?
- a) Synapse
- b) Vesicle
- c) Ribosome
- d) Nucleus
Correct Answer: a
Which organelle is responsible for detoxifying harmful substances in the cell?
- a) Lysosome
- b) Peroxisome
- c) Endoplasmic reticulum
- d) Golgi apparatus
Correct Answer: b
The process by which cells use energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient is known as:
- a) Facilitated diffusion
- b) Osmosis
- c) Active transport
- d) Simple diffusion
Correct Answer: c
The process by which cells engulf fluid and dissolve particles from their surroundings is called:
a) Phagocytosis
b) Pinocytosis
c) Exocytosis
d) Facilitated diffusion
Correct Answer: b
Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?
a) G1 phase
b) S phase
c) G2 phase
d) M phase
Correct Answer: b
Which type of cell division is responsible for the production of gametes (sperm and egg cells)?
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) Cytokinesis
d) Binary fission
Correct Answer: b
Tight junctions primarily function to:
- a) Facilitate communication between cells
- b) Provide mechanical strength to tissues
- c) Allow for the exchange of ions and molecules
- d) Prevent leakage of substances between cells
Correct Answer: d
Which type of cellular transport requires energy and involves the movement of substances using transport proteins?
- a) Passive transport
- b) Diffusion
- c) Facilitated diffusion
- d) Active transport
Correct Answer: d
Which of the following is NOT a function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
a) Synthesizing lipids
b) Detoxifying drugs and poisons
c) Modifying and packaging proteins
d) Synthesizing proteins
Correct Answer: c
Which molecule acts as a primary energy carrier in cells and is often referred to as the “energy currency” of the cell?
a) ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
b) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
c) RNA (ribonucleic acid)
d) cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)
Correct Answer: a
Which of the following is a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
a) Protein synthesis
b) Lipid synthesis and detoxification
c) ATP production
d) Ribosome assembly
Correct Answer: b
What is the primary function of the nucleolus?
a) Synthesizing proteins
b) Storing genetic material
c) Producing ribosomes
d) Facilitating cellular respiration
Correct Answer: c
Which cell organelle is responsible for breaking down cellular waste and damaged organelles?
a) Nucleus
b) Lysosome
c) Golgi apparatus
d) Mitochondria
Correct Answer: b
In which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell?
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase
Correct Answer: c
What is the result of mitosis in a human body cell?
a) Four genetically unique daughter cells
b) Two genetically identical daughter cells
c) Haploid daughter cells
d) Diploid daughter cells
Correct Answer: b
Which process involves the movement of water molecules from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration?
a) Osmosis
b) Facilitated diffusion
c) Active transport
d) Simple diffusion
Correct Answer: a
What is the primary function of gap junctions in cell communication?
a) Preventing communication between neighboring cells
b) Directly transferring electrical signals between cells
c) Regulating the movement of large molecules
d) Transporting oxygen across cell membranes
Correct Answer: b
What is the function of synaptic signaling in the nervous system?
a) Transmitting hormones through the bloodstream
b) Facilitating communication between adjacent cells
c) Transmitting electrical signals between neurons
d) Releasing neurotransmitters between neurons
Correct Answer: d
Which form of intracellular signaling involves the release of signaling molecules that affect distant target cells?
a) Contact-dependent signaling
b) Paracrine signaling
c) Synaptic signaling
d) Endocrine signaling
Correct Answer: d
In intracellular signaling, what is the role of second messengers?
a) Directly activate target genes
b) Bind to extracellular receptors
c) Amplify and transmit the signal within the cell
d) Bind to hormones in the bloodstream
Correct Answer: c
What is the process by which a cell engulfs extracellular fluid and molecules?
a) Phagocytosis
b) Endocytosis
c) Exocytosis
d) Pinocytosis
Correct Answer: d
Which phase of the cell cycle follows mitosis and involves the division of the cytoplasm?
a) G1 phase
b) S phase
c) G2 phase
d) Cytokinesis
Correct Answer: d
The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes occurs during which phase of meiosis?
a) Prophase I
b) Metaphase I
c) Anaphase I
d) Telophase I
Correct Answer: a
What is the name for the protein structures that attach sister chromatids to each other?
a) Centrioles
b) Centromeres
c) Spindle fibers
d) Nucleoli
Correct Answer: b
Which cell junctions are involved in creating a water-tight barrier between cells?
a) Gap junctions
b) Desmosomes
c) Tight junctions
d) Plasmodesmata
Correct Answer: c
Which type of cellular transport does NOT require the input of energy?
a) Active transport
b) Facilitated diffusion
c) Simple diffusion
d) Osmosis
Correct Answer: c
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes align along the equatorial plane of the cell?
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase
Correct Answer: b
Which organelle contains enzymes for digesting cellular waste and recycling materials?
a) Mitochondria
b) Nucleus
c) Golgi apparatus
d) Lysosome
Correct Answer: d
The exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids occurs during which process?
a) Meiosis I
b) Meiosis II
c) Crossing over
d) Asexual reproduction
Correct Answer: c
Which type of intracellular signaling involves direct cell-to-cell contact and signal transmission?
a) Synaptic signaling
b) Paracrine signaling
c) Endocrine signaling
d) Contact-dependent signaling
Correct Answer: d
What is the name of the process by which cells replicate their DNA in preparation for cell division?
a) Replication
b) Transcription
c) Translation
d) Transduction
Correct Answer: a
The phase of the cell cycle during which the cell is actively dividing is called:
a) G1 phase
b) S phase
c) G2 phase
d) M phase
Correct Answer: d
Which structure is responsible for organizing microtubules and assisting in cell division?
a) Centriole
b) Nucleus
c) Ribosome
d) Peroxisome
Correct Answer: a
The division of the cytoplasm that follows mitosis in animal cells is called:
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) Cytokinesis
d) Interphase
Correct Answer: c
Which of the following is NOT a part of the endomembrane system?
a) Nucleus
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Endoplasmic reticulum
d) Mitochondria
Correct Answer: d
What is the role of synaptic signaling in the nervous system?
a) Transmitting hormones through the bloodstream
b) Facilitating communication between adjacent cells
c) Transmitting electrical signals between neurons
d) Releasing neurotransmitters between neurons
Correct Answer: d
During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell?
a) Prophase I
b) Metaphase I
c) Anaphase I
d) Telophase I
Correct Answer: c
Which process allows cells to engulf large particles or even other cells by forming vesicles?
a) Exocytosis
b) Phagocytosis
c) Osmosis
d) Pinocytosis
Correct Answer: b
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration is called:
a) Active transport
b) Facilitated diffusion
c) Osmosis
d) Simple diffusion
Correct Answer: d
What is the function of gap junctions in cell communication?
a) Preventing communication between neighbouring cells
b) Directly transferring electrical signals between cells
c) Regulating the movement of large molecules
d) Transporting oxygen across cell membranes
Correct Answer: b
Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the cell preparing for division, duplicating its organelles, and checking for DNA errors?
a) G1 phase
b) S phase
c) G2 phase
d) M phase
Correct Answer: c
The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function is called:
a) Replication
b) Differentiation
c) Mitosis
d) Cytokinesis
Correct Answer: b
What is the primary function of desmosomes in cell junctions?
a) Preventing communication between cells
b) Providing mechanical strength to tissues
c) Facilitating the exchange of ions
d) Regulating osmotic pressure
Correct Answer: b
During which phase of meiosis do sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell?
a) Prophase I
b) Metaphase I
c) Anaphase I
d) Telophase I
Correct Answer: c
Which of the following is NOT a form of intracellular signaling?
a) Paracrine signaling
b) Synaptic signaling
c) Autocrine signaling
d) Diurnal signaling
Correct Answer: d
What is the main function of plasmodesmata in plant cells?
a) Facilitating cell division
b) Regulating water balance
c) Providing mechanical support
d) Allowing direct communication and transport between cells
Correct Answer: d
The movement of molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration using energy is called:
a) Facilitated diffusion
b) Osmosis
c) Active transport
d) Simple diffusion
Correct Answer: c
What is the role of second messengers in intracellular signaling pathways?
a) Directly activate target genes
b) Amplify and transmit the signal within the cell
c) Bind to extracellular receptors
d) Initiate apoptosis
Correct Answer: b
Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration?
a) Nucleus
b) Golgi apparatus
c) Mitochondria
d) Endoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: c
Which type of intracellular signaling involves hormones that are released into the bloodstream to affect distant target cells?
a) Contact-dependent signaling
b) Paracrine signaling
c) Synaptic signaling
d) Endocrine signaling
Correct Answer: d
What is the function of ribosomes in the cell?
a) Synthesizing lipids
b) Modifying and packaging proteins
c) Producing ATP
d) Synthesizing proteins
Correct Answer: d
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes condense, and the nuclear envelope begins to break down?
a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase
Correct Answer: a
What is the primary function of the centrosome in cell division?
a) Synthesizing DNA
b) Organizing microtubules and spindle fibers
c) Producing ribosomes
d) Facilitating protein synthesis
Correct Answer: b
Which type of cellular transport involves the movement of ions or molecules with the help of carrier proteins?
a) Osmosis
b) Active transport
c) Simple diffusion
d) Exocytosis
Correct Answer: b
The process by which a cell engulfs large particles or other cells by forming vesicles is called:
a) Phagocytosis
b) Pinocytosis
c) Exocytosis
d) Facilitated diffusion
Correct Answer: a
During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes align along the equatorial plane of the cell?
a) Prophase I
b) Metaphase I
c) Anaphase I
d) Telophase I
Correct Answer: b
Which process allows cells to export large molecules or waste materials from the cell?
a) Phagocytosis
b) Pinocytosis
c) Exocytosis
d) Facilitated diffusion
Correct Answer: c
What is the main function of tight junctions in cell junctions?
a) Facilitating communication between cells
b) Providing mechanical strength to tissues
c) Regulating osmotic pressure
d) Preventing leakage between cells
Correct Answer: d
Which form of intracellular signaling involves neurotransmitters being released across synapses?
a) Paracrine signaling
b) Synaptic signaling
c) Endocrine signaling
d) Autocrine signaling
Correct Answer: b
What is the role of ligands in intracellular signaling?
a) Act as enzymes to modify signaling molecules
b) Bind to receptors and initiate a cellular response
c) Regulate the movement of ions across cell membranes
d) Synthesize second messengers
Correct Answer: b
More MCQs
Semester- 1
- Human Anatomy & Physiology