Prevention and management of hypertension, diabetes and cancer MCQs With Answer

Prevention and management of hypertension, diabetes and cancer MCQs With Answer is a focused review designed for B. Pharm students to strengthen clinical pharmacology and public health knowledge. This resource covers prevention strategies, screening protocols, pharmacological treatment, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, drug interactions and complication management for hypertension, diabetes and common cancers. Emphasis is on evidence-based pharmacotherapy, lifestyle modification, vaccination and early detection to reduce morbidity and mortality. Questions test understanding of drug classes (ACE inhibitors, ARBs, SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP‑1 RAs), emergency management, dosing considerations and preventive measures. Now let’s test your knowledge with 30 MCQs on this topic.

Q1. What is the first-line pharmacological treatment recommended for most patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension?

• Beta-blocker (e.g., propranolol)
• ACE inhibitor (e.g., lisinopril)
• Loop diuretic (e.g., furosemide)
• Alpha-1 blocker (e.g., prazosin)

Correct Answer: ACE inhibitor (e.g., lisinopril)

Q2. Which lifestyle intervention has the greatest average effect on lowering systolic blood pressure?

• Smoking cessation
• Sodium reduction (DASH diet)
• Moderate alcohol intake
• Increased dietary protein

Correct Answer: Sodium reduction (DASH diet)

Q3. Metformin primarily lowers blood glucose by which mechanism?

• Increasing insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells
• Decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis and improving insulin sensitivity
• Blocking renal glucose reabsorption via SGLT2 inhibition
• Activating GLP‑1 receptors to enhance insulin release

Correct Answer: Decreasing hepatic gluconeogenesis and improving insulin sensitivity

Q4. Which antihypertensive is contraindicated in pregnancy due to teratogenicity?

• Methyldopa
• Labetalol
• ACE inhibitor (e.g., enalapril)
• Nifedipine

Correct Answer: ACE inhibitor (e.g., enalapril)

Q5. Which medication class reduces cardiovascular events and is recommended for most patients with diabetes and high cardiovascular risk?

• SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g., empagliflozin)
• Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g., acarbose)
• Sulfonylureas (e.g., glipizide)
• Meglitinides (e.g., repaglinide)

Correct Answer: SGLT2 inhibitors (e.g., empagliflozin)

Q6. Which screening test is most appropriate for colorectal cancer prevention in average-risk adults starting at age 45?

• Mammography
• Colonoscopy
• PSA testing
• Low-dose CT

Correct Answer: Colonoscopy

Q7. In hypertensive emergency with acute end-organ damage, which is the preferred approach?

• Immediate oral ACE inhibitor only
• Rapid blood pressure reduction with intravenous antihypertensives
• Delay treatment and observe for 24 hours
• Start high-dose oral beta-blocker only

Correct Answer: Rapid blood pressure reduction with intravenous antihypertensives

Q8. Which adverse effect is most commonly associated with ACE inhibitors?

• Hypoglycemia
• Persistent dry cough
• Ototoxicity
• Hyperprolactinemia

Correct Answer: Persistent dry cough

Q9. Which insulin type is best for rapid postprandial glucose control?

• Insulin glargine (long‑acting)
• Regular human insulin (short‑acting)
• Insulin aspart (rapid‑acting analog)
• NPH insulin (intermediate‑acting)

Correct Answer: Insulin aspart (rapid‑acting analog)

Q10. Which biomarker is most commonly used to monitor long-term glycemic control?

• Fasting plasma glucose
• Random blood glucose
• Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
• C-peptide

Correct Answer: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

Q11. Tamoxifen used in breast cancer prevention and therapy acts primarily as:

• Aromatase inhibitor
• Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
• HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor
• PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor

Correct Answer: Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)

Q12. Which drug requires dose adjustment or avoidance in renal impairment due to increased risk of lactic acidosis?

• Metformin
• Pioglitazone
• Glimepiride
• Sitagliptin

Correct Answer: Metformin

Q13. For primary prevention of cervical cancer, which intervention is most effective?

• Annual Pap smear starting at age 18
• HPV vaccination before exposure
• Colposcopy for all women
• High-dose vitamin supplementation

Correct Answer: HPV vaccination before exposure

Q14. Which antihypertensive drug class is preferred in patients with diabetes and proteinuric chronic kidney disease?

• Thiazide diuretics
• ACE inhibitors or ARBs
• Central alpha-2 agonists
• Hydralazine

Correct Answer: ACE inhibitors or ARBs

Q15. A patient with type 1 diabetes presents with polyuria, polydipsia and high blood glucose; which acute complication should be suspected if ketones are positive?

• Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
• Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
• Lactic acidosis
• Somogyi effect

Correct Answer: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Q16. Which cancer therapy works by blocking cell division through microtubule stabilization or destabilization?

• Alkylating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide)
• Antimetabolites (e.g., 5‑FU)
• Taxanes or vinca alkaloids (e.g., paclitaxel, vincristine)
• Monoclonal antibodies (e.g., trastuzumab)

Correct Answer: Taxanes or vinca alkaloids (e.g., paclitaxel, vincristine)

Q17. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of SGLT2 inhibitors?

• Increase insulin secretion from pancreas
• Decrease intestinal glucose absorption
• Inhibit renal glucose reabsorption in proximal tubule
• Activate PPAR-gamma to improve insulin sensitivity

Correct Answer: Inhibit renal glucose reabsorption in proximal tubule

Q18. Which vaccine reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma when given in infancy?

• HPV vaccine
• Hepatitis B vaccine
• Influenza vaccine
• Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)

Correct Answer: Hepatitis B vaccine

Q19. A hypertensive patient on an ACE inhibitor develops angioedema. What is the safest next antihypertensive class?

• ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers)
• Restart ACE inhibitor at lower dose
• Thiazide diuretics are contraindicated
• Alpha blockers preferentially

Correct Answer: ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers)

Q20. Which oral antidiabetic increases insulin secretion by closing KATP channels on beta cells?

• Metformin
• SGLT2 inhibitor
• Sulfonylurea (e.g., glibenclamide)
• GLP-1 receptor agonist

Correct Answer: Sulfonylurea (e.g., glibenclamide)

Q21. In chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, which agent is used to stimulate neutrophil recovery?

• Erythropoietin
• Filgrastim (G-CSF)
• Metoclopramide
• Interleukin-2

Correct Answer: Filgrastim (G-CSF)

Q22. Which antihypertensive is particularly useful in ischemic heart disease due to reducing myocardial oxygen demand?

• Calcium channel blocker (dihydropyridine)
• Beta-blocker (e.g., metoprolol)
• ACE inhibitor
• Spironolactone

Correct Answer: Beta-blocker (e.g., metoprolol)

Q23. What is the recommended HbA1c target for most nonpregnant adults with diabetes to reduce complications?

• HbA1c <4.5%
• HbA1c <6.0%
• HbA1c <7.0%
• HbA1c <9.0%

Correct Answer: HbA1c <7.0%

Q24. Which adverse effect is most characteristic of many cytotoxic chemotherapies and requires prophylactic antiemetics?

• Nephrolithiasis
• Nausea and vomiting
• Hyperglycemia
• Hypertension

Correct Answer: Nausea and vomiting

Q25. For secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease in a diabetic patient, which class of drug is commonly indicated to reduce atherosclerotic events?

• Statins
• Antihistamines
• Loop diuretics only
• Proton pump inhibitors

Correct Answer: Statins

Q26. Which monitoring parameter is most important when initiating an ACE inhibitor?

• Serum creatinine and potassium
• Fasting lipid profile
• Complete blood count
• Blood glucose

Correct Answer: Serum creatinine and potassium

Q27. Which oral anticancer targeted therapy is indicated for HER2-positive breast cancer?

• Imatinib
• Trastuzumab (monoclonal antibody)
• Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1)
• Cisplatin

Correct Answer: Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1)

Q28. In prevention of type 2 diabetes, which intervention has the strongest evidence to delay onset in high-risk individuals?

• Metformin alone without lifestyle change
• Lifestyle modification with diet and exercise
• Immediate insulin therapy
• Long-term antibiotics

Correct Answer: Lifestyle modification with diet and exercise

Q29. Which antihypertensive is preferred in an older adult with isolated systolic hypertension?

• ACE inhibitor
• Thiazide-type diuretic
• Central alpha-2 agonist
• Short-acting nifedipine immediate release

Correct Answer: Thiazide-type diuretic

Q30. For a cancer patient experiencing chemotherapy-induced nausea, which receptor antagonist class is commonly used for prevention?

• 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g., ondansetron)
• H2 receptor antagonists (e.g., ranitidine)
• Beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol)
• ACE inhibitors

Correct Answer: 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (e.g., ondansetron)

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