1. Corticosteroids, especially when used systemically for long durations, are a well-known cause of which specific type of cataract?
2. The biochemical pathway implicated in diabetic cataract formation involves the accumulation of sorbitol in the lens. Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose to sorbitol?
3. Which of the following vitamins has been extensively studied for its antioxidant properties and potential role in delaying the progression of age-related cataracts?
4. Pirenoxine eye drops, available in some countries for cataract treatment, are proposed to work by which mechanism?
5. Long-term therapy with which of the following antipsychotic drug classes is classically associated with fine, stellate pigmentary deposits on the anterior lens capsule?
6. For adequate pre-operative preparation for cataract surgery, which class of drugs is instilled topically to achieve mydriasis (pupil dilation)?
7. Which of the following is NOT a primary goal of pharmacotherapy in the post-operative management of a patient who has undergone cataract surgery?
8. Topical NSAIDs like ketorolac or nepafenac are often prescribed after cataract surgery. What is their primary role in this context?
9. Aldose reductase inhibitors (e.g., Sorbinil) were once promising candidates for diabetic cataract prevention. Why were they not widely adopted?
10. Long-term use of which strong miotic agent, historically used for glaucoma, is associated with the formation of anterior subcapsular cataracts?
11. A patient on long-term amiodarone therapy should be monitored for characteristic corneal changes (vortex keratopathy) and what type of lens changes?
12. The AREDS2 formulation, while primarily for age-related macular degeneration, contains antioxidants. Which specific components were added in AREDS2 and are thought to have a potential benefit for cataract prevention?
13. In addition to mydriasis, what is the purpose of using a cycloplegic agent like cyclopentolate pre-operatively for cataract surgery?
14. Phacolytic glaucoma is a potential complication of a hypermature cataract. What is the underlying pathophysiology?
15. Which statement most accurately reflects the current status of medical therapy for reversing or “curing” cataracts?
16. What is the definitive management for a Morgagnian cataract, a type of hypermature cataract?
17. Bendazac lysine eye drops have been explored as a potential anti-cataract agent. What is their proposed mechanism of action?
18. For the development of a posterior subcapsular cataract, which route of corticosteroid administration is generally associated with the highest risk?
19. Which of the following represents a common combination of drugs in a single eye drop used for pre-operative pupillary dilation?
20. What is the primary purpose of administering an intracameral antibiotic, such as cefuroxime, at the conclusion of cataract surgery?
21. Epidemiological studies, like the Lens Opacities Case-Control Study, have suggested a potential protective effect against cataracts associated with higher dietary intake of what?
22. N-acetylcarnosine (NAC) is marketed as an over-the-counter eye drop for cataracts. What is its proposed, though unproven, mechanism of action?
23. While many factors contribute to cataract formation, what is universally considered the single most significant risk factor for age-related cataracts?
24. The term “Glassblower’s cataract” refers to lens opacities caused by chronic occupational exposure to which type of radiation?
25. A patient develops significant anterior chamber inflammation (uveitis) following uncomplicated cataract surgery. Which class of topical medication is the mainstay of treatment?
