The inflammatory response is a vital protective mechanism triggered by infection, injury, or harmful stimuli. It involves immune cell recruitment, cytokine release, and vascular changes aimed at eliminating the initial cause and promoting tissue repair. This quiz is designed for Pharm.D. students and aligns with topics covered in PHA5561 and PHA5515, assessing your understanding of acute and chronic inflammation mechanisms and mediators.
1. Which of the following is a cardinal sign of inflammation?
- A. Cyanosis
- B. Pallor
- C. Redness
- D. Numbness
Correct answer: C. Redness
2. The primary chemical mediator of vasodilation during inflammation is:
- A. Histamine
- B. Bradykinin
- C. Serotonin
- D. IL-2
Correct answer: A. Histamine
3. Which cell type is first to arrive at the site of acute inflammation?
- A. Monocytes
- B. Lymphocytes
- C. Neutrophils
- D. Eosinophils
Correct answer: C. Neutrophils
4. Chronic inflammation is characterized by predominant infiltration of:
- A. Neutrophils
- B. Basophils
- C. Lymphocytes and macrophages
- D. Erythrocytes
Correct answer: C. Lymphocytes and macrophages
5. The process of phagocyte movement toward a site of injury is called:
- A. Margination
- B. Chemotaxis
- C. Emigration
- D. Phagocytosis
Correct answer: B. Chemotaxis
6. Which prostaglandin is primarily responsible for pain during inflammation?
- A. PGD2
- B. PGE2
- C. PGF2α
- D. PGI2
Correct answer: B. PGE2
7. What is the function of C-reactive protein (CRP)?
- A. Histamine release
- B. Complement inhibition
- C. Marker and mediator of inflammation
- D. Antibody production
Correct answer: C. Marker and mediator of inflammation
8. Bradykinin contributes to inflammation by causing:
- A. Leukocyte activation
- B. Vasoconstriction
- C. Increased vascular permeability and pain
- D. Complement activation
Correct answer: C. Increased vascular permeability and pain
9. Which enzyme produces prostaglandins from arachidonic acid?
- A. Lipoxygenase
- B. Cyclooxygenase (COX)
- C. Peroxidase
- D. Amylase
Correct answer: B. Cyclooxygenase (COX)
10. Which type of exudate is rich in fibrinogen and associated with more severe inflammation?
- A. Serous
- B. Fibrinous
- C. Purulent
- D. Hemorrhagic
Correct answer: B. Fibrinous
11. Which interleukin is a key pyrogen in systemic inflammation?
- A. IL-2
- B. IL-4
- C. IL-6
- D. IL-10
Correct answer: C. IL-6
12. What triggers the classical pathway of complement activation?
- A. Mannose binding
- B. Antigen-antibody complex
- C. Cell injury
- D. Lipopolysaccharide
Correct answer: B. Antigen-antibody complex
13. Which molecule is primarily responsible for leukocyte rolling on endothelium?
- A. Integrins
- B. Selectins
- C. Cytokines
- D. Histamine
Correct answer: B. Selectins
14. Granulomatous inflammation is associated with:
- A. Acute viral infections
- B. Tuberculosis
- C. Hypersensitivity type I
- D. Neutrophil infiltration
Correct answer: B. Tuberculosis
15. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is secreted mainly by:
- A. Neutrophils
- B. Eosinophils
- C. Macrophages
- D. B cells
Correct answer: C. Macrophages
16. The membrane attack complex (MAC) in inflammation is formed by:
- A. Cytokines
- B. Antibodies
- C. Complement proteins
- D. Kinins
Correct answer: C. Complement proteins
17. Which cells play a major role in allergy and anaphylaxis?
- A. Neutrophils
- B. Basophils and mast cells
- C. Monocytes
- D. Erythrocytes
Correct answer: B. Basophils and mast cells
18. A hallmark of chronic inflammation is:
- A. Neutrophilia
- B. Fibrosis and tissue destruction
- C. Edema
- D. Hyperemia
Correct answer: B. Fibrosis and tissue destruction
19. Which cytokine induces fever by acting on the hypothalamus?
- A. IL-1
- B. IL-5
- C. IL-4
- D. IL-8
Correct answer: A. IL-1
20. What is the effect of nitric oxide in inflammation?
- A. Vasoconstriction
- B. Vasodilation and microbial killing
- C. Coagulation
- D. Edema reduction
Correct answer: B. Vasodilation and microbial killing
21. Which component is not directly involved in the acute phase of inflammation?
- A. Neutrophils
- B. Histamine
- C. Interleukin-12
- D. Complement
Correct answer: C. Interleukin-12
22. What is diapedesis?
- A. Cell death
- B. Antibody production
- C. Movement of leukocytes through endothelium
- D. Activation of complement
Correct answer: C. Movement of leukocytes through endothelium
23. Abscess formation is a result of:
- A. Acute bacterial infection and tissue necrosis
- B. Viral infection
- C. Hypersensitivity reaction
- D. Foreign body reaction
Correct answer: A. Acute bacterial infection and tissue necrosis
24. Leukotriene B4 functions as a:
- A. Vasodilator
- B. Antigen-presenting molecule
- C. Chemotactic agent for neutrophils
- D. Pyrogen
Correct answer: C. Chemotactic agent for neutrophils
25. Chronic granulomatous disease is a defect in:
- A. Phagocytosis
- B. Neutrophil adhesion
- C. Oxidative burst
- D. Antibody production
Correct answer: C. Oxidative burst
26. Which phase of inflammation involves release of mediators like prostaglandins and leukotrienes?
- A. Recognition
- B. Amplification
- C. Resolution
- D. Initiation
Correct answer: D. Initiation
27. What causes the warmth at an inflamed site?
- A. Phagocytosis
- B. Vasodilation
- C. Leukocyte infiltration
- D. Fibrosis
Correct answer: B. Vasodilation
28. Eicosanoids are derived from:
- A. Steroids
- B. Amino acids
- C. Arachidonic acid
- D. Glycoproteins
Correct answer: C. Arachidonic acid
29. Which enzyme degrades extracellular matrix proteins during inflammation?
- A. Kinase
- B. Amylase
- C. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)
- D. Cyclooxygenase
Correct answer: C. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)
30. Which mediator induces endothelial adhesion molecule expression?
- A. IL-10
- B. TNF-α
- C. IL-2
- D. IL-12
Correct answer: B. TNF-α
31. Which acute phase reactant decreases during inflammation?
- A. CRP
- B. Fibrinogen
- C. Albumin
- D. Serum amyloid A
Correct answer: C. Albumin
32. Which outcome is NOT typical of acute inflammation?
- A. Resolution
- B. Abscess formation
- C. Chronic inflammation
- D. Atrophy
Correct answer: D. Atrophy
33. The term “rubor” refers to which aspect of inflammation?
- A. Heat
- B. Swelling
- C. Redness
- D. Pain
Correct answer: C. Redness
34. Which immune cells are dominant in allergic inflammation?
- A. Neutrophils
- B. Monocytes
- C. Eosinophils
- D. T cells
Correct answer: C. Eosinophils
35. The enzyme myeloperoxidase is found in:
- A. Macrophages
- B. Dendritic cells
- C. Eosinophils
- D. Neutrophils
Correct answer: D. Neutrophils
36. What is the main function of fibrin in inflammation?
- A. Promote vasodilation
- B. Activate cytokines
- C. Form clots and scaffold for healing
- D. Destroy bacteria
Correct answer: C. Form clots and scaffold for healing
37. Pain during inflammation is primarily due to:
- A. Vasodilation
- B. Cytokine release
- C. Bradykinin and prostaglandins
- D. Histamine
Correct answer: C. Bradykinin and prostaglandins
38. What causes the swelling in inflammation?
- A. Cytokine production
- B. Exudation of plasma into tissues
- C. Vasoconstriction
- D. Cell proliferation
Correct answer: B. Exudation of plasma into tissues
39. Which cytokine is anti-inflammatory?
- A. IL-1
- B. IL-6
- C. IL-10
- D. TNF-α
Correct answer: C. IL-10
40. Chronic inflammation may lead to:
- A. Acute infection
- B. Tissue regeneration
- C. Fibrosis and scarring
- D. Immediate resolution
Correct answer: C. Fibrosis and scarring
41. What is serous inflammation characterized by?
- A. High fibrin content
- B. Presence of pus
- C. Clear watery exudate
- D. Hemorrhage
Correct answer: C. Clear watery exudate
42. Histamine is released by:
- A. Macrophages
- B. Mast cells and basophils
- C. Neutrophils
- D. Dendritic cells
Correct answer: B. Mast cells and basophils
43. Which of the following cells can present antigens to initiate adaptive responses during inflammation?
- A. Neutrophils
- B. Basophils
- C. Dendritic cells
- D. Erythrocytes
Correct answer: C. Dendritic cells
44. The process of engulfing pathogens by immune cells is called:
- A. Exocytosis
- B. Pinocytosis
- C. Phagocytosis
- D. Chemotaxis
Correct answer: C. Phagocytosis
45. Inflammatory mediators are produced by:
- A. Only neutrophils
- B. All immune and some non-immune cells
- C. Red blood cells
- D. Plasma only
Correct answer: B. All immune and some non-immune cells
46. What is a granuloma?
- A. Edematous swelling
- B. Neutrophil-dominated abscess
- C. Aggregate of macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes
- D. Blood clot
Correct answer: C. Aggregate of macrophages surrounded by lymphocytes
47. Mast cells play a crucial role in:
- A. Bacterial clearance
- B. Allergic inflammation
- C. Viral infections
- D. Autoimmune disease
Correct answer: B. Allergic inflammation
48. Chronic inflammation typically results from:
- A. Resolving infection
- B. Short-term injury
- C. Persistent infection or autoimmune activation
- D. Acute cytokine storm
Correct answer: C. Persistent infection or autoimmune activation
49. In which phase of inflammation does tissue repair begin?
- A. Vascular phase
- B. Cellular phase
- C. Resolution phase
- D. Exudative phase
Correct answer: C. Resolution phase
50. Which mediator contributes to vascular leakage and is derived from the complement system?
- A. Histamine
- B. Bradykinin
- C. C5a
- D. PGE2
Correct answer: C. C5a