Long-Term Complications of Diabetes MCQ Quiz | Endocrinology & Metabolism

Welcome to this specialized quiz on the Long-Term Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, a critical topic in Endocrinology for MBBS students. This quiz is designed to test your understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical features, screening, and management of diabetic microvascular and macrovascular complications. You will face 25 multiple-choice questions covering key areas such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease, and diabetic foot. This assessment will help you consolidate your knowledge and prepare for your examinations. After submitting your answers, you will see your score and a detailed review of the correct and incorrect responses. You can also download a PDF version of all questions with their correct answers for your future reference and study. Good luck!

1. Which of the following is a key pathogenic mechanism in diabetic complications, resulting from the non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins?

2. The earliest clinically detectable stage of diabetic nephropathy is characterized by:

3. A 55-year-old male with type 2 diabetes presents with burning pain and numbness in his feet in a “stocking-glove” distribution. Which is the most likely diagnosis?

4. Neovascularization of the optic disc or iris is a hallmark of which condition?

5. Which medication class is recommended as first-line therapy for hypertension in diabetic patients with albuminuria to slow the progression of nephropathy?

6. A diabetic patient presents with early satiety, nausea, and bloating. These symptoms are most suggestive of which autonomic neuropathy complication?

7. The pathognomonic histopathological finding for diabetic nephropathy is:

8. According to ADA guidelines, when should initial screening for retinopathy begin for a patient with type 1 diabetes?

9. “Cotton-wool spots” seen on fundoscopy in a diabetic patient represent:

10. The polyol pathway contributes to diabetic complications through the accumulation of which substance within cells?

11. A diabetic patient has an Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) of 0.7. This finding is suggestive of:

12. Charcot arthropathy (neuroarthropathy) in a diabetic patient most commonly affects which joint?

13. Which of the following is considered a coronary artery disease (CAD) risk equivalent?

14. The standard treatment for vision-threatening proliferative diabetic retinopathy is:

15. A diabetic patient complains of dizziness upon standing. Blood pressure measurement shows a drop from 140/90 mmHg sitting to 115/75 mmHg standing. This is consistent with:

16. The definition of microalbuminuria is a urinary albumin excretion rate of:

17. Which of the following is NOT a component of the comprehensive diabetic foot exam?

18. Malignant otitis externa, a severe infection seen in elderly diabetics, is most commonly caused by which organism?

19. A well-demarcated, waxy, yellowish-brown plaque on the shin of a diabetic patient is characteristic of:

20. The increased activity of which enzyme is responsible for converting glucose to sorbitol in the polyol pathway?

21. A common presentation of myocardial infarction in diabetic patients can be atypical or “silent” due to:

22. What is the recommended blood pressure target for most patients with diabetes and hypertension to reduce cardiovascular and microvascular complications?

23. First-line pharmacotherapy for painful diabetic neuropathy often includes which class of medication?

24. In patients with type 2 diabetes, when should annual screening for nephropathy (e.g., urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio) begin?

25. Hyperglycemia-induced activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC) is implicated in diabetic complications by causing: