Long-Term Complications of Diabetes MCQ Quiz | Endocrinology & Metabolism

1. Which of the following is a key pathogenic mechanism in diabetic complications, resulting from the non-enzymatic glycosylation of proteins?

2. The earliest clinically detectable stage of diabetic nephropathy is characterized by:

3. A 55-year-old male with type 2 diabetes presents with burning pain and numbness in his feet in a “stocking-glove” distribution. Which is the most likely diagnosis?

4. Neovascularization of the optic disc or iris is a hallmark of which condition?

5. Which medication class is recommended as first-line therapy for hypertension in diabetic patients with albuminuria to slow the progression of nephropathy?

6. A diabetic patient presents with early satiety, nausea, and bloating. These symptoms are most suggestive of which autonomic neuropathy complication?

7. The pathognomonic histopathological finding for diabetic nephropathy is:

8. According to ADA guidelines, when should initial screening for retinopathy begin for a patient with type 1 diabetes?

9. “Cotton-wool spots” seen on fundoscopy in a diabetic patient represent:

10. The polyol pathway contributes to diabetic complications through the accumulation of which substance within cells?

11. A diabetic patient has an Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) of 0.7. This finding is suggestive of:

12. Charcot arthropathy (neuroarthropathy) in a diabetic patient most commonly affects which joint?

13. Which of the following is considered a coronary artery disease (CAD) risk equivalent?

14. The standard treatment for vision-threatening proliferative diabetic retinopathy is:

15. A diabetic patient complains of dizziness upon standing. Blood pressure measurement shows a drop from 140/90 mmHg sitting to 115/75 mmHg standing. This is consistent with:

16. The definition of microalbuminuria is a urinary albumin excretion rate of:

17. Which of the following is NOT a component of the comprehensive diabetic foot exam?

18. Malignant otitis externa, a severe infection seen in elderly diabetics, is most commonly caused by which organism?

19. A well-demarcated, waxy, yellowish-brown plaque on the shin of a diabetic patient is characteristic of:

20. The increased activity of which enzyme is responsible for converting glucose to sorbitol in the polyol pathway?

21. A common presentation of myocardial infarction in diabetic patients can be atypical or “silent” due to:

22. What is the recommended blood pressure target for most patients with diabetes and hypertension to reduce cardiovascular and microvascular complications?

23. First-line pharmacotherapy for painful diabetic neuropathy often includes which class of medication?

24. In patients with type 2 diabetes, when should annual screening for nephropathy (e.g., urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio) begin?

25. Hyperglycemia-induced activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC) is implicated in diabetic complications by causing: