Inflammatory response pathways MCQs With Answer

Inflammatory response pathways MCQs With Answer

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Inflammatory response pathways MCQs With Answer

This quiz collection is tailored for M.Pharm students pursuing Advanced Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. It focuses on molecular and cellular mechanisms that drive acute and chronic inflammation, including pattern recognition receptors, intracellular signaling cascades (NF-κB, MAPK, JAK–STAT), inflammasomes, eicosanoid biosynthesis, complement activation, leukocyte recruitment, and resolution mediators like lipoxins and resolvins. Questions emphasize drug-target relationships, therapeutic implications (e.g., COX-2 inhibitors, biologics targeting TNF-α/ILs), and experimental biomarkers used in research and drug development. Use these MCQs for exam preparation and to deepen conceptual understanding of how inflammation is initiated, propagated, regulated, and resolved at the biochemical and pharmacological levels.

Q1. Which receptor family primarily recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiates innate inflammatory signaling?

  • T-cell receptors
  • Toll-like receptors
  • G-protein coupled receptors
  • Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Correct Answer: Toll-like receptors

Q2. Activation of NF-κB in macrophages commonly leads to increased transcription of which of the following inflammatory mediators?

  • Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
  • Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)
  • Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)
  • Glucocorticoid receptor

Correct Answer: Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)

Q3. The NLRP3 inflammasome directly activates which enzyme to process pro-IL-1β into its mature form?

  • Caspase-3
  • Caspase-1
  • Cyclooxygenase-2
  • Matrix metalloproteinase-9

Correct Answer: Caspase-1

Q4. Which eicosanoid-synthesizing enzyme is inducible during inflammation and is the primary target of selective anti-inflammatory drugs like celecoxib?

  • 5-Lipoxygenase
  • Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1)
  • Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)
  • Thromboxane synthase

Correct Answer: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)

Q5. Which chemokine is most strongly associated with neutrophil chemotaxis during the early acute inflammatory response?

  • CCL2 (MCP-1)
  • CXCL8 (IL-8)
  • CXCL12 (SDF-1)
  • CCL19

Correct Answer: CXCL8 (IL-8)

Q6. Rolling of leukocytes along the endothelium is primarily mediated by which class of adhesion molecules?

  • Integrins (e.g., LFA-1)
  • Cadherins
  • Selectins (e.g., P-selectin, E-selectin)
  • Immunoglobulin superfamily cytokines

Correct Answer: Selectins (e.g., P-selectin, E-selectin)

Q7. Which intracellular signaling cascade is commonly activated downstream of many cytokine receptors and is the primary target for JAK inhibitors?

  • NF-κB pathway
  • JAK–STAT pathway
  • PI3K–AKT pathway
  • Wnt/β-catenin pathway

Correct Answer: JAK–STAT pathway

Q8. Chronic granulomatous inflammation is most characteristically associated with which immune cell type forming the granuloma core?

  • Neutrophils
  • Plasma cells
  • Activated macrophages (epithelioid cells) and multinucleated giant cells
  • B cells

Correct Answer: Activated macrophages (epithelioid cells) and multinucleated giant cells

Q9. Resolution of inflammation is actively orchestrated by specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). Which of the following is an SPM derived from omega-3 fatty acids?

  • Leukotriene B4
  • Prostaglandin E2
  • Resolvin
  • Thromboxane A2

Correct Answer: Resolvin

Q10. Complement component C5a exerts potent proinflammatory effects primarily through what mechanism?

  • Directly inhibiting neutrophil migration
  • Acting as an opsonin for apoptotic cells
  • Serving as a chemoattractant and activating neutrophils
  • Blocking TNF-α release

Correct Answer: Serving as a chemoattractant and activating neutrophils

Q11. Which MAP kinase is most often linked to stress and inflammatory cytokine signaling, and is a target for anti-inflammatory drug development?

  • ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases)
  • p38 MAP kinase
  • JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase)
  • mTOR

Correct Answer: p38 MAP kinase

Q12. TNF-α blockade as a therapeutic strategy is effective because TNF-α primarily acts by which of the following?

  • Suppressing adaptive immunity
  • Stimulating apoptosis of neutrophils only
  • Promoting endothelial activation, leukocyte recruitment, and cytokine production
  • Directly degrading extracellular matrix

Correct Answer: Promoting endothelial activation, leukocyte recruitment, and cytokine production

Q13. NETosis contributes to inflammation by which mechanism?

  • Secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines to resolve inflammation
  • Release of chromatin and granule proteins that trap microbes and can induce tissue damage
  • Phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages
  • Production of lipoxins that limit neutrophil recruitment

Correct Answer: Release of chromatin and granule proteins that trap microbes and can induce tissue damage

Q14. Which lipid mediator is generated from arachidonic acid by 5-lipoxygenase and strongly recruits neutrophils?

  • Prostaglandin D2
  • Leukotriene B4 (LTB4)
  • Lipoxin A4
  • Prostacyclin (PGI2)

Correct Answer: Leukotriene B4 (LTB4)

Q15. Glucocorticoids exert broad anti-inflammatory effects mainly by which molecular mechanism?

  • Blocking cyclooxygenase catalytic activity directly
  • Upregulating inflammatory gene transcription through NF-κB
  • Transrepression of proinflammatory transcription factors (e.g., NF-κB, AP-1) and induction of anti-inflammatory proteins
  • Increasing prostaglandin synthesis

Correct Answer: Transrepression of proinflammatory transcription factors (e.g., NF-κB, AP-1) and induction of anti-inflammatory proteins

Q16. In leukocyte extravasation, firm adhesion to endothelium is mediated mainly by which molecules on the leukocyte surface interacting with ICAMs?

  • Integrins such as LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18)
  • Selectins such as L-selectin
  • Complement receptors CR1/CR3
  • MHC class II molecules

Correct Answer: Integrins such as LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18)

Q17. Which cytokine is a major inducer of hepatic acute-phase protein synthesis, including C-reactive protein (CRP)?

  • Interleukin-4 (IL-4)
  • Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
  • Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
  • Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)

Correct Answer: Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

Q18. Which drug mechanism would most directly inhibit leukotriene-mediated bronchoconstriction in asthma?

  • COX-2 selective inhibition
  • 5-LOX inhibitor or leukotriene receptor antagonist (e.g., montelukast)
  • NSAIDs that inhibit COX-1 predominantly
  • TNF-α neutralizing antibodies

Correct Answer: 5-LOX inhibitor or leukotriene receptor antagonist (e.g., montelukast)

Q19. Which transcription factor family is rapidly activated by many pattern recognition receptors and controls transcription of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules?

  • STAT family
  • NF-κB family
  • Homeobox (HOX) family
  • SMAD family

Correct Answer: NF-κB family

Q20. Lipoxin A4 promotes resolution of inflammation by which predominant action?

  • Enhancing neutrophil chemotaxis and activation
  • Stimulating platelet aggregation
  • Inhibiting neutrophil recruitment and promoting macrophage-mediated clearance of apoptotic cells
  • Inducing COX-2 expression to increase prostaglandin levels

Correct Answer: Inhibiting neutrophil recruitment and promoting macrophage-mediated clearance of apoptotic cells

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