1. What is the earliest sign of hypertensive retinopathy according to the Keith-Wagener-Barker (KWB) classification?
2. AV (Arteriovenous) nipping, a key sign in hypertensive retinopathy, is characterized by:
3. In the KWB classification, Grade 3 hypertensive retinopathy is distinguished from Grade 2 by the presence of:
4. Papilledema is the hallmark of which grade of hypertensive retinopathy?
5. Cotton-wool spots, seen in hypertensive retinopathy, represent:
6. Which of the following signs indicates a more chronic or sclerotic phase of hypertensive retinopathy?
7. A ‘macular star’ is formed by:
8. The term ‘silver wiring’ refers to:
9. Retinopathy of toxaemia of pregnancy (pre-eclampsia/eclampsia) is primarily characterized by:
10. A characteristic and serious finding in severe pre-eclamptic/eclamptic retinopathy is:
11. What are Elschnig spots?
12. The fundoscopic changes in toxaemia of pregnancy are generally:
13. Gunn’s sign refers to:
14. Salus’s sign in hypertensive retinopathy describes:
15. The primary pathophysiological event leading to the signs of acute hypertensive retinopathy is:
16. Which of the following is NOT typically a feature of Grade 2 KWB hypertensive retinopathy?
17. The presence of Grade 4 hypertensive retinopathy is a medical emergency often associated with:
18. What is the most appropriate management for a pregnant patient with fundus changes of severe pre-eclampsia, including serous retinal detachment?
19. In hypertensive choroidopathy, Siegrist streaks are:
20. A 30-year-old female in her 34th week of pregnancy presents with blurred vision, headaches, and a BP of 170/110 mmHg. Fundoscopy shows bilateral disc swelling, macular star, and serous retinal detachments. This clinical picture is most consistent with:
21. What is the main difference between flame-shaped hemorrhages and dot-blot hemorrhages?
22. A patient with long-standing hypertension is found to have ‘copper wiring’ of their retinal arterioles. This indicates:
23. The development of a macroaneurysm on a retinal arteriole is a potential complication of:
24. Management of hypertensive retinopathy primarily focuses on:
25. A patient’s fundus shows marked AV nipping and ‘silver wiring’ but no hemorrhages, exudates, or papilledema. According to the KWB classification, what is the most likely grade?
