Ovarian Cyst Quiz

Gynecology Intermediate

Understanding Ovarian Cysts: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or within an ovary. They are very common, especially during a woman’s childbearing years. While most are harmless and disappear without treatment, some can cause symptoms or require medical attention. This guide provides an overview of ovarian cysts.

What Are Ovarian Cysts?

The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system and produce eggs and hormones. Each month, a small sac called a follicle grows on an ovary, which releases an egg during ovulation. Sometimes, this process doesn’t go as planned, leading to the formation of a cyst. Cysts can vary in size from less than an inch to several inches in diameter.

Common Types of Ovarian Cysts

There are several types of ovarian cysts, broadly categorized as functional or complex.

Functional Cysts: These are the most common type and are related to the menstrual cycle. They include follicular cysts (when a follicle doesn’t release its egg) and corpus luteum cysts (when the sac doesn’t dissolve after releasing the egg). They are almost always benign.
Dermoid Cysts (Teratomas): These cysts form from embryonic cells and can contain tissue like hair, skin, or teeth. They are rarely cancerous but may require removal.
Cystadenomas: These develop on the surface of an ovary and are filled with a watery or mucous-like fluid. They can grow quite large.
Endometriomas: These form as a result of endometriosis, a condition where uterine lining tissue grows outside the uterus. This tissue can attach to an ovary and form a cyst.

Key Takeaway: The vast majority of ovarian cysts in premenopausal women are benign (non-cancerous) functional cysts that resolve on their own. However, any new or persistent symptoms should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.

Symptoms and Signs to Watch For

Most ovarian cysts don’t cause any symptoms. When they do, they might include:

Pelvic pain — a dull or sharp ache in the lower abdomen on the side of the cyst
Fullness or heaviness in your abdomen (bloating)
Pain during intercourse
Irregular menstrual periods
A frequent need to urinate

Sudden, severe abdominal pain, often with fever or vomiting, could be a sign of a ruptured cyst or ovarian torsion (twisting of the ovary), which are medical emergencies.

How Are Ovarian Cysts Diagnosed?

Ovarian cysts are often found during a routine pelvic exam. To confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of cyst, a doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests: a pelvic ultrasound, blood tests (like CA-125, especially in postmenopausal women), or a pregnancy test to rule out an ectopic pregnancy.

Treatment Options for Ovarian Cysts

Treatment depends on your age, the type and size of the cyst, and your symptoms. Options range from watchful waiting, where the cyst is monitored with follow-up ultrasounds, to medication like birth control pills to prevent new cysts, to surgical removal (cystectomy or oophorectomy) if the cyst is large, persistent, or suspicious.

When to See a Doctor

Consult a healthcare professional if you experience persistent pelvic pain, changes in your menstrual cycle, or unexplained abdominal bloating. Seek immediate medical care for severe, sudden abdominal pain, especially if accompanied by fever, vomiting, or signs of shock (like cold, clammy skin or rapid breathing).

Frequently Asked Questions

Can ovarian cysts affect fertility?

Most functional cysts do not affect fertility. However, cysts related to conditions like endometriosis or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can be associated with fertility challenges. A doctor can provide a personalized assessment.

Are ovarian cysts cancerous?

It’s rare for an ovarian cyst to be cancerous (malignant), especially in women who haven’t gone through menopause. However, the risk increases with age. A doctor will use imaging and sometimes blood tests to assess the risk of cancer.

What is the difference between a cyst and a tumor?

A cyst is a sac filled with fluid, air, or other material. A tumor is a solid mass of tissue. Ovarian cysts are typically fluid-filled and benign, while tumors can be benign or malignant. Some complex cysts may have solid components and require closer evaluation.

Can diet or lifestyle prevent ovarian cysts?

There is no proven diet to prevent ovarian cysts. However, maintaining a healthy weight and managing underlying conditions like PCOS can be beneficial for overall reproductive health. For women with PCOS, a balanced diet and regular exercise are often recommended.

This information is for educational purposes and should not be considered medical advice. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider for any health concerns or before making any decisions related to your health or treatment.