Parametric tests: t-test, ANOVA MCQs With Answer

Introduction: Parametric tests: t-test, ANOVA MCQs With Answer is a focused revision resource designed for M.Pharm students preparing for exams in Research Methodology & Biostatistics. This set of multiple-choice questions covers core concepts, assumptions, computations and interpretations of parametric tests such as one-sample, paired and independent t-tests, one-way and two-way ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, post-hoc procedures, effect sizes and corrections for unequal variances. Each question tests practical understanding relevant to pharmaceutical research, clinical trials and laboratory studies. Carefully reviewing these MCQs will strengthen conceptual clarity, analytic decision-making and application of appropriate statistical tests for typical M.Pharm research scenarios.

Q1. Which test is appropriate for comparing the means of two independent groups?

• One-sample t-test
• Paired t-test
• Independent (unpaired) t-test
• One-way ANOVA

Correct Answer: Independent (unpaired) t-test

Q2. Which t-test is used when the same subjects are measured before and after an intervention?

• Independent t-test
• Paired t-test
• One-sample t-test
• Two-way ANOVA

Correct Answer: Paired t-test

Q3. Parametric t-tests assume which property of the dependent variable within groups?

• Dependent variable is approximately normally distributed within each group
• Dependent variable has equal medians across groups
• Dependent variable is categorical
• Dependent variable has equal sample sizes across groups

Correct Answer: Dependent variable is approximately normally distributed within each group

Q4. Which test is used to compare means across three or more independent groups?

• One-way ANOVA
• Chi-square test
• Mann-Whitney U test
• Paired t-test

Correct Answer: One-way ANOVA

Q5. After a significant one-way ANOVA, which post-hoc test controls family-wise error for all pairwise comparisons?

• Tukey’s HSD
• Student’s t-test without correction
• Pearson correlation
• Kaplan-Meier analysis

Correct Answer: Tukey’s HSD

Q6. Which statistic is commonly used to express effect size for the difference between two means?

• Cohen’s d
• Pearson’s r
• Odds ratio
• Eta-squared

Correct Answer: Cohen’s d

Q7. If two independent groups have unequal variances, which alternative to the pooled t-test is recommended?

• Welch’s t-test
• Paired t-test
• One-sample t-test
• Repeated measures ANOVA

Correct Answer: Welch’s t-test

Q8. For an independent t-test using pooled variance, the degrees of freedom are:

• n1 + n2
• n1 + n2 – 1
• n1 + n2 – 2
• n1 + n2 + 2

Correct Answer: n1 + n2 – 2

Q9. The F-statistic in ANOVA represents which of the following?

• Ratio of between-group variance to within-group variance
• Sum of squared deviations from the grand mean
• Square of the t-statistic in every case
• Correlation between two factors

Correct Answer: Ratio of between-group variance to within-group variance

Q10. Which of the following is an assumption specific to one-way ANOVA?

• Homogeneity of variances across groups
• Independence of observations
• Normality of residuals within groups
• All of the above

Correct Answer: All of the above

Q11. When sample sizes and variances are unequal across groups, which post-hoc method is preferred?

• Games-Howell test
• Tukey’s HSD
• Bonferroni correction
• Scheffé’s method

Correct Answer: Games-Howell test

Q12. Repeated measures ANOVA is primarily used to:

• Compare means across time points within the same subjects
• Compare independent groups at a single time point
• Assess correlation between two continuous variables
• Test differences in proportions

Correct Answer: Compare means across time points within the same subjects

Q13. The probability of committing a Type I error is denoted by which symbol?

• Alpha (α)
• Beta (β)
• Power (1-β)
• p-value

Correct Answer: Alpha (α)

Q14. Which adjustment is commonly used to control the family-wise error rate when performing multiple t-tests?

• Bonferroni correction
• Welch correction
• Shapiro-Wilk correction
• Levene’s test

Correct Answer: Bonferroni correction

Q15. The Shapiro-Wilk test is used to assess which assumption?

• Normality of data distribution
• Equality of variances
• Homoscedasticity across factors
• Linearity between variables

Correct Answer: Normality of data distribution

Q16. In a two-way ANOVA an interaction between factors indicates:

• The effect of one factor depends on the level of the other factor
• Both factors have no main effects
• A random error term in the model
• A non-parametric alternative is required

Correct Answer: The effect of one factor depends on the level of the other factor

Q17. A one-sample t-test is used to compare a sample mean to:

• A known population mean
• Another independent sample mean
• The sample median
• Population variance

Correct Answer: A known population mean

Q18. Pooled variance in a two-sample t-test is appropriate when:

• Variances of the two groups are assumed equal
• Data are paired measurements
• Only used in ANOVA
• Sample sizes must be identical

Correct Answer: Variances of the two groups are assumed equal

Q19. Eta-squared (η²) is interpreted as which of the following?

• Proportion of total variance explained by a factor
• Strength of a specific pairwise difference
• Direction of the treatment effect
• Degree of deviation from normality

Correct Answer: Proportion of total variance explained by a factor

Q20. The statistical power of a test is defined as:

• Probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis
• Probability of committing a Type I error
• Variance of the sampling distribution of the mean
• The required sample size for significance

Correct Answer: Probability of correctly rejecting a false null hypothesis

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