Pathophysiology is the study of the functional changes in the body that result from disease or injury. It bridges basic science with clinical practice by explaining how disruptions in normal physiological processes lead to pathological states. This quiz, tailored for Pharm.D. students, evaluates understanding of common disease mechanisms and systemic responses as covered in foundational courses like PHA5561 and PHA5515.
1. Pathophysiology primarily studies:
- A. Drug synthesis
- B. Normal organ function
- C. Disease mechanisms and altered physiology
- D. Bacterial classification
Correct answer: C. Disease mechanisms and altered physiology
2. Which cellular process is most involved in necrosis?
- A. Apoptosis
- B. Programmed cell death
- C. Inflammatory cell lysis
- D. DNA repair
Correct answer: C. Inflammatory cell lysis
3. Which organ is most affected by cirrhosis?
- A. Heart
- B. Brain
- C. Liver
- D. Lung
Correct answer: C. Liver
4. What type of hypersensitivity is anaphylaxis?
- A. Type I
- B. Type II
- C. Type III
- D. Type IV
Correct answer: A. Type I
5. Atherosclerosis is characterized by:
- A. Hyperplasia of heart tissue
- B. Accumulation of lipids in arterial walls
- C. Decreased blood coagulation
- D. Infection of endocardium
Correct answer: B. Accumulation of lipids in arterial walls
6. Which hormone is deficient in type 1 diabetes mellitus?
- A. Glucagon
- B. Insulin
- C. Cortisol
- D. Growth hormone
Correct answer: B. Insulin
7. Hypertension is defined as:
- A. Low heart rate
- B. Increased plasma glucose
- C. Elevated arterial blood pressure
- D. Reduced oxygen saturation
Correct answer: C. Elevated arterial blood pressure
8. Chronic inflammation is characterized by:
- A. Short duration
- B. Predominance of neutrophils
- C. Tissue destruction and fibrosis
- D. Absence of immune cells
Correct answer: C. Tissue destruction and fibrosis
9. What is the most common cause of myocardial infarction?
- A. Viral infection
- B. Coronary artery thrombosis
- C. Hypotension
- D. Cardiac tamponade
Correct answer: B. Coronary artery thrombosis
10. Which electrolyte imbalance causes cardiac arrhythmias?
- A. Hypokalemia
- B. Hypernatremia
- C. Hypocalcemia
- D. Hypochloremia
Correct answer: A. Hypokalemia
11. Which organ is primarily affected in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
- A. Liver
- B. Kidneys
- C. Lungs
- D. Brain
Correct answer: C. Lungs
12. Which condition is associated with a decrease in bone mineral density?
- A. Osteomyelitis
- B. Osteoarthritis
- C. Osteoporosis
- D. Rickets
Correct answer: C. Osteoporosis
13. Which of the following is an autoimmune disease?
- A. Asthma
- B. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- C. Tuberculosis
- D. Emphysema
Correct answer: B. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
14. In heart failure, reduced cardiac output leads to:
- A. Increased urine output
- B. Fluid retention
- C. Hyperventilation
- D. Increased blood glucose
Correct answer: B. Fluid retention
15. What is the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease?
- A. Dopamine excess
- B. Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
- C. Muscle wasting
- D. Cerebral hemorrhage
Correct answer: B. Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
16. Which of the following causes jaundice?
- A. Hyperkalemia
- B. Increased bilirubin levels
- C. Low albumin
- D. Elevated BUN
Correct answer: B. Increased bilirubin levels
17. Asthma is primarily a disorder of:
- A. Alveolar destruction
- B. Airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation
- C. Pulmonary fibrosis
- D. Pulmonary embolism
Correct answer: B. Airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation
18. Which hormone is elevated in hyperthyroidism?
- A. TSH
- B. TRH
- C. T3 and T4
- D. Calcitonin
Correct answer: C. T3 and T4
19. What is the primary cause of edema in nephrotic syndrome?
- A. Hyperkalemia
- B. Proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia
- C. Sodium loss
- D. Vasodilation
Correct answer: B. Proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia
20. Rheumatoid arthritis primarily affects:
- A. Muscle tissue
- B. Synovial joints
- C. Lymph nodes
- D. Kidneys
Correct answer: B. Synovial joints
21. Which type of anemia results from vitamin B12 deficiency?
- A. Iron-deficiency anemia
- B. Aplastic anemia
- C. Pernicious anemia
- D. Hemolytic anemia
Correct answer: C. Pernicious anemia
22. The pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease involves:
- A. Serotonin excess
- B. Acetylcholine deficiency
- C. Dopaminergic neuron degeneration in substantia nigra
- D. Amyloid accumulation
Correct answer: C. Dopaminergic neuron degeneration in substantia nigra
23. Which of the following is a complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
- A. Hypercalcemia
- B. Anemia
- C. Polycythemia
- D. Hyperinsulinemia
Correct answer: B. Anemia
24. Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in:
- A. Hemoglobin gene
- B. CFTR gene
- C. Insulin gene
- D. BRCA1 gene
Correct answer: B. CFTR gene
25. What leads to diabetic ketoacidosis in type 1 diabetes?
- A. High insulin levels
- B. Glucose uptake by muscle
- C. Lipolysis and ketone production
- D. Protein synthesis
Correct answer: C. Lipolysis and ketone production
26. Which of the following is a tumor marker for prostate cancer?
- A. CEA
- B. PSA
- C. CA-125
- D. AFP
Correct answer: B. PSA
27. What is a common symptom of hyperthyroidism?
- A. Weight gain
- B. Bradycardia
- C. Fatigue
- D. Heat intolerance
Correct answer: D. Heat intolerance
28. Which lung disease is characterized by destruction of alveolar walls?
- A. Bronchitis
- B. Emphysema
- C. Asthma
- D. Pneumonia
Correct answer: B. Emphysema
29. In peptic ulcer disease, what is the most common cause?
- A. Smoking
- B. NSAIDs
- C. Helicobacter pylori infection
- D. Spicy food
Correct answer: C. Helicobacter pylori infection
30. What is the main cause of anemia in chronic renal failure?
- A. Blood loss
- B. Iron deficiency
- C. Reduced erythropoietin production
- D. Bone marrow suppression
Correct answer: C. Reduced erythropoietin production
31. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of shock?
- A. Increased cardiac output
- B. Hypertension
- C. Inadequate tissue perfusion
- D. High oxygen saturation
Correct answer: C. Inadequate tissue perfusion
32. Hepatic encephalopathy is due to accumulation of:
- A. Bilirubin
- B. Ketones
- C. Ammonia
- D. Urea
Correct answer: C. Ammonia
33. Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer cells?
- A. Apoptosis induction
- B. Controlled growth
- C. Angiogenesis and evasion of immune detection
- D. Limited replicative potential
Correct answer: C. Angiogenesis and evasion of immune detection
34. What happens in congestive heart failure?
- A. Cardiac output increases
- B. Blood backs up into pulmonary or systemic circulation
- C. Myocardial cells regenerate
- D. Coronary arteries dilate
Correct answer: B. Blood backs up into pulmonary or systemic circulation
35. Hyperkalemia can result from:
- A. Vomiting
- B. Diarrhea
- C. Renal failure
- D. Respiratory acidosis
Correct answer: C. Renal failure
36. What is the most likely consequence of untreated hypertension?
- A. Hypoglycemia
- B. Stroke
- C. Anemia
- D. Bronchospasm
Correct answer: B. Stroke
37. Which vitamin deficiency is associated with rickets?
- A. Vitamin A
- B. Vitamin B12
- C. Vitamin D
- D. Vitamin K
Correct answer: C. Vitamin D
38. In hypovolemic shock, the primary problem is:
- A. Cardiac pump failure
- B. Blood volume loss
- C. Severe infection
- D. Allergic reaction
Correct answer: B. Blood volume loss
39. Which of the following diseases is associated with insulin resistance?
- A. Type 1 diabetes
- B. Type 2 diabetes
- C. Cushing’s syndrome
- D. Addison’s disease
Correct answer: B. Type 2 diabetes
40. An embolus in a pulmonary artery can cause:
- A. Myocardial infarction
- B. Cardiac arrest
- C. Pulmonary embolism
- D. Stroke
Correct answer: C. Pulmonary embolism
41. Which genetic condition is caused by a trisomy of chromosome 21?
- A. Turner syndrome
- B. Klinefelter syndrome
- C. Down syndrome
- D. Edwards syndrome
Correct answer: C. Down syndrome
42. The hallmark of nephritic syndrome is:
- A. Massive proteinuria
- B. Hypoalbuminemia
- C. Hematuria with hypertension
- D. Hyperlipidemia
Correct answer: C. Hematuria with hypertension
43. Which autoimmune disease leads to destruction of insulin-producing beta cells?
- A. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
- B. Type 1 diabetes
- C. Addison’s disease
- D. Graves’ disease
Correct answer: B. Type 1 diabetes
44. What is the primary effect of atherosclerosis on arteries?
- A. Vasodilation
- B. Weakening of walls
- C. Narrowing of lumen and reduced elasticity
- D. Improved blood flow
Correct answer: C. Narrowing of lumen and reduced elasticity
45. A major risk factor for stroke is:
- A. Bradycardia
- B. Hypotension
- C. Hypertension
- D. Hypoglycemia
Correct answer: C. Hypertension
46. Which hormone is responsible for stimulating red blood cell production?
- A. Insulin
- B. Erythropoietin
- C. Prolactin
- D. Cortisol
Correct answer: B. Erythropoietin
47. Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to:
- A. Fatty liver
- B. Cirrhosis
- C. Hepatitis
- D. All of the above
Correct answer: D. All of the above
48. The primary site of action of aldosterone is the:
- A. Liver
- B. Heart
- C. Renal distal tubule
- D. Brain
Correct answer: C. Renal distal tubule
49. What is the most common type of leukemia in adults?
- A. AML
- B. CML
- C. CLL
- D. ALL
Correct answer: C. CLL
50. The main pathophysiological feature of asthma is:
- A. Alveolar destruction
- B. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and inflammation
- C. Pulmonary fibrosis
- D. Pleural effusion
Correct answer: B. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness and inflammation